Moiré patterns are a central motif in van der Waals heterostructures arising from the superposition of two-dimensional (2D) incommensurate lattices. These patterns reveal a wealth of correlated effects, influencing electronic, magnetic, and structural phenomena. While diffraction techniques typically resolve multiple moiré wave vectors corresponding to the incommensurate nature of the underlying lattices, Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM) often reveals only a dominant superperiod. In this work, we address this apparent discrepancy through an STM study of a twisted monolayer of CrCl3 on Au(111). We observe the coexistence of several Fourier components of moiré patterns at a fixed twist angle, whose relative intensity depends on the tunneling bias. Fourier analysis of STM data uncovers hidden higher-order moiré components not visible in STM topographic images, while spectroscopy maps reveal that the spectral weight of each pattern varies with electron energy. Our results establish that STM selectively probes in the same area distinct quasiperiodic modulations depending on electronic confinement, providing a unified framework that reconciles real-space and reciprocal-space observations of complex moiré superstructures.

Tumor intracellular bacteria are a key driving force of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in tumor cells, and EMT is a critical process in the metastasis cascade. Eliminating intracellular bacteria is a prospective therapeutic target for metastasis. However, existing targeted antibacterial approaches against intracellular bacteria, such as antibiotics, face challenges including drug resistance, biological barriers, or side effects. Here, we develop a tumor-targeted nanoplatform (HSO-OMDs) loaded with autophagy-induced metformin, docosahexaenoic acid, and chemotherapeutic drug oxaliplatin conjugated to hyaluronic acid, which enhances tumor cell autophagy for the effective elimination of intracellular bacteria. HSO-OMDs enhance autophagy by promoting the maturation of autophagosome, the fusion of autophagosomes and lysosomes, and the acidification of lysosomes in tumor cells. As a result, HSO-OMDs effectively eliminate intracellular bacteria by autophagy for blocking EMT processes and inhibit both primary tumor and metastasis. Collectively, our strategy against intracellular-bacteria-driven EMT by enhancing tumor cell autophagy provides a prospective approach for metastatic cancer treatment.

Single-atom nanozymes (SANs), characterized by tunable electronic properties and optimized atomic utilization efficiency, have attracted considerable attention for biomedical applications. Despite significant progress, their catalytic performance remains inferior to that of natural enzymes, largely attributable to symmetric coordination and an electronic structure. Herein, we successfully engineer a bromine (Br) doping copper (Cu)-based SAN with asymmetric coordination (Cu-BrN3/SAN@M), which exhibits higher catalytic performances compared to its symmetric counterpart, Cu-N4/SAN@M. The high electronegativity of Br causes a slight elongation of the Cu-N bonds in Cu-BrN3/SAN@M, optimizing the adsorption and desorption of oxygen intermediates, thereby markedly enhancing catalytic activity. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations state that asymmetric coordination in the Cu-BrN3/SAN@M configuration strengthens the activation of structural electrons and shifts the d-band center of Cu atoms closer to the Fermi level. This facilitates the adsorption and activation of hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radicals, and superoxide anions, confirming their enhanced capability for reactive oxygen species elimination. Experimental results indicate that Cu-BrN3/SAN@M preserves cardiomyocyte viability and functional connectivity by scavenging excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) , reprogramming proinflammatory M1 macrophages toward the reparative M2 phenotype, and amplifying regulatory T cell activity. Collectively, these effects enable robust modulation of the inflammatory microenvironment and restoration of immune homeostasis in an acute myocardial infarction model.

The Dember effect is highly valuable for energy harvesting, photodetection, catalysis, and terahertz radiation generation. However, the realization of the Dember effect in transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) has been rarely reported, primarily due to the requirement for high photogenerated carrier density and its complex coupling with surface photovoltage (SPV), charging, and space charge effects. Here, we reveal a hidden Dember effect in the typical TMD semiconductor WSe2 via angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy. By tracking light-intensity-dependent band shifts across the ultraviolet/visible wavelength range, we directly disentangle the hitherto hidden Dember effect from the intertwined SPV and charging effects. Furthermore, we demonstrate control of the hidden Dember effect by tuning the photogenerated carrier density in quasi-equilibrium via illumination brightness, temperature, and bulk dopant concentration. This work not only extends the scope of the Dember effect to layered semiconductors but also elucidates the significant impacts of light-matter interactions in the low-illumination and low-temperature region.

Two-dimensional zinc oxide nanosheets are attractive building blocks for ultrathin optoelectronic devices because of their high optical transparency and chemical stability; yet their weak visible-light response has hindered practical applications. Here, we demonstrate gallium-doped zinc oxide nanosheets as highly transparent and thermally robust platforms for all-in-one red-green-blue photodetectors. Gallium-doped nanosheets are synthesized via ionic layer epitaxy with precise compositional control. Structural, optical, and electrical analyses reveal that gallium doping concurrently enhances multiple properties, leading to improved photodevice performance. Gallium-doped zinc oxide nanosheets exhibit responsivities of up to 800 A W-1, carrier mobilities of 1.94 cm2 V-1s-1, and an average visible transmittance of 99.995% per nanosheet, enabling broadband photodetection without sacrificing optical throughput. Owing to their solution processability, the nanosheets can be vertically assembled into Bayer-like stacked architectures that decode red, green, and blue signals within a single pixel. Notably, the stacked photodetectors maintain stable photoresponse and excellent thermal and oxidative stability up to 450 °C, highlighting their promise for high-density, ultracompact color imaging technologies.

Enzyme cascade-based bioinspired array hold promise for high-resolution recognition of structurally similar compounds; however, most enzymes lack a direct substrate-to-product relationship, necessitating stable and editable artificial messengers for their integration. Herein, the exposed crystal surfaces of ligand-free manganese dioxide (MnO2) are found to facilitate efficient single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) adsorption and separation. Theory-guided crystal phase modulation further reveals that β-MnO2 can capture the phosphate backbone of ssDNA through a surface potential-induced oxygen-vacancy-filling mechanism. Leveraging nuclease's bioactivity, β-MnO2-ssDNA are engineered on demand as artificial messengers to cascade hydrolases and nucleases via reductive product-mediated self-sacrifice and release of Mn2+ and ssDNA. Notably, nucleases can capture organophosphorus (OPs) from phosphorylated hydrolases before their complete aging. Such protein competition among hydrolase-OP-nuclease triggers accumulative differentiation across pathways, improving the resolution for structurally similar OPs. Accordingly, we proposed a gustatory-inspired pathway-signaling-recognition system (GPS), where the GPS-based array delivers differential optical signals via multipathway responses and generates unique digital encoding for precisely discriminating 19 structurally similar OPs. With chlorpyrifos as a representative target, the GPS-based array provides high-resolution qualitative/quantitative assays and supports dynamic degradation monitoring in multidimensional samples. These findings provide inorganic insights into the MnO2-ssDNA interaction mechanism and establish the GPS-based array as a generalizable paradigm for high-resolution biosensing.

Visible-light photonic integrated circuits (PICs) with highly sensitive waveguide photodetectors (PDs) are critical to address the scaling and performance challenges in quantum information, biosensing and microscopy. While bulk materials have been employed to fabricate waveguide visible-light PDs, they face significant limitations, including complex heterogeneous integration processes and suboptimal device performance, such as high dark currents and uncharacterized on-chip sensitivity. Here, we present a strategy by exploiting the versatile integration capabilities and favorable optoelectronic properties of two-dimensional (2D) perovskite and graphene to develop a hybrid waveguide PD integrated onto a silicon nitride (SiN) platform for on-chip visible-light photodetection. By virtue of an asymmetric Schottky device structure design, the PD exhibits extremely low dark currents on the order of pA and record-high sensitivities across representative visible wavelengths (red, green, and blue), with maximum normalized photocurrent-to-dark current ratios (NPDRs) up to 107 mW-1 at a bias voltage of 1 V and a noise equivalent power (NEP) of 1.2 ± 0.4 pW Hz-0.5. These metrics enable the detection of ultraweak light intensities as low as sub-100 pW propagating through SiN waveguides. Furthermore, we demonstrate a monolithic visible-light sensing system by integrating PDs with a SiN PIC, enabling the successful distinction of biological fluorophore-labeled DNA with a concentration difference as small as 1 μM, and an estimated detection limit to 76 nM. Our results highlight the potential of 2D material-integrated PICs for advancing scalable, high-sensitivity on-chip biosensing and other emerging visible-light applications in the future.

A lack of understanding of the properties that determine nanomaterial-plant cell wall interactions limits the advancement of nanoenabled agriculture. Herein, we integrated experimental and computational approaches to elucidate the role of nanoparticle size and Ca2+ cross-linking on the interactions between model plant cell walls composed of pectin and branched polyethylenimine-coated (bPEI) gold nanoparticles (AuNP 6.1, 36.1, and 75.5 nm). Quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses demonstrated a size and Ca2+-induced cross-linking dependence during the attachment to and passive penetration into model cell walls due to pore size. In the absence of electrolytes, AuNP penetration into the pectin layer occurred with simultaneous expulsion of water for all particle sizes. In the presence of Ca2+, pectin cross-linking reduced porosity and blocked penetration of the 75.5 nm AuNPs while unexpectedly increasing the uptake of 6.1 and 36.1 nm AuNPs. Computational simulations showed a reduction in pectin pore size due to Ca2+-induced cross-linking that resulted in a high free energy cost of pore expansion. In the presence of Ca2+, significant overtone spreading was observed by QCM-D for the 6.1 and 36.1 nm AuNPs that was not observed without electrolytes, indicating that the smaller particles still penetrated through the cross-linked pectin layer, but the process was slower. Upon replacing Ca2+ with Mg2+, the pectin film was permeable to all three sizes of AuNPs, and less overtone spreading was observed, indicating that cross-linking effects are exclusive to Ca2+. Interestingly, a size-dependent induction time not reported before was observed for AuNP attachment to pectin model surfaces. This study elucidated size- and Ca2+ cross-linking-dependent physicochemical interactions of nanomaterials with plant cell wall model biosurfaces through both experimental and computational approaches. Nanomaterial-plant model cell wall interaction studies can guide the rational design of nanomaterials for more efficient delivery strategies in agriculture and elucidating their impact on the environment.

Harnessing the topology of ring polymers as a design motif in functional nanomaterials is becoming a promising direction in the field of soft matter. For example, the ring topology of DNA plasmids prevents the relaxation of excess twist introduced to the polymer, instead yielding helical supercoiled structures. In equilibrium semidilute solutions, tightly supercoiled rings relax faster than their torsionally relaxed counterparts, since the looser conformations of the latter allow for rings to thread through each other and entrain through entanglements. Here we use molecular simulations to explore a nonequilibrium scenario, in which a supercoiling agent, akin to gyrase enzymes, rapidly induces supercoiling in the suspensions of relaxed plasmids. The activity of the agent not only alters the conformational topology from open to branched, but also locks in threaded rings into supramolecular clusters, which relax very slowly. Ultimately, our work shows how the polymer topology under nonequilibrium conditions can be leveraged to tune dynamic behavior of macromolecular systems, suggesting a method to create a class of driven materials vitrified by activity.

Meeting the growing global food demand under increasingly restrictive environmental conditions requires sustainable strategies that go beyond conventional fertilization. Traditional fertilizers are constrained by diminishing yield returns and increasing ecological costs, underscoring the need for catalytic materials capable of precisely modulating plant metabolism rather than merely supplying nutrients. Here, we report the development of a maifan stone-derived nanozyme fabricated through controlled homogenization and nanomaterialization of a naturally abundant silicate mineral. The resulting nanozyme exhibits intrinsic peroxidase-like activity, enabling it to function as a redox signaling modulator in plants. Comprehensive physicochemical characterization revealed that maifan stone nanozyme (MFS nanozyme) possess robust catalytic stability across a broad range of physiological conditions. Using Nicotiana benthamiana as a model system, we demonstrate that MFS nanozyme finely regulates intracellular redox homeostasis by modulating·OH levels, thereby inducing a mild oxidative stimulus that activates endogenous antioxidant defense pathways. This redox-mediated signaling cascade promotes root system development and improves macronutrient uptake. Compared with the untreated controls, the MFS nanozyme treatment increased the wheat yield by approximately 18%, and this increase was accompanied by increased nutrient accumulation. Notably, the MFS nanozyme also mitigate moderate saline-alkaline stress, indicating their capacity to increase plant stress resistance. Collectively, our findings establish natural mineral nanozymes as a previously unrecognized class of redox homeostasis regulators and micronutrient carriers that integrate catalytic regulation with nutrient utilization to drive sustainable yield enhancement. This work provides a mechanistic framework for the development of low-cost, environmentally friendly nanozyme-based fertilizers, offering a scalable pathway toward next-generation sustainable agriculture.