Purpose: The main purpose of the study was to investigate the sensitivity properties of a newly developed Ballroom AerobicTest (BAT) protocol for cardiorespiratory fitness against objective methods.Methods: Twenty-four young dancesport couple athletes who competed at international level were recruited (age 20.40±3.90years; stature 172.10±8.70 cm; body mass 60.10±9.40 kg; 50.00% women). Physiological parameters from the field-basedBAT protocol were evaluated using the MetaMax® 3B portable gas analyzer, while objective data were generated on therunning ergometer following the KF1 and Bruce protocols. The area under the curve (AUC), sensitivity, specificity, falsepositive (FP), false negative (FN), positive likelihood ratio (PLR) and negative likelihood ratio (NLR) were calculated.Results: The AUC for the BAT against the KF1 and Bruce protocols yielded satisfactory values of > .75, with the largestagreements for absolute (AUC = .92; 95% CI .82 – 1.00 and .94; 95% CI .90 – 1.00) and relative maximal oxygen uptake(V̇O2max; AUC = .94; 95% CI .90 – 1.00 and .95; 95% CI .86 – 1.00). Other ventilatory and metabolic parameters yieldedsomewhat lower AUC values (.65 ≤ AUC ≤ .93). Sensitivity and specificity analyses exhibited acceptable agreementpercentages between the BAT and KF1/Bruce protocols, ranging from 66.70% to 95.10% for sensitivity and 60.00% to100.00% for specificity. The largest PLRs were shown for relative V̇O2max in both KF1 (10.31) and Bruce (11.05) protocols.Conclusions: This study shows that the BAT protocol may be considered as a good diagnostic tool for evaluating ventilatoryand metabolic parameters of standard style dancesport athletes.

Purpose: The main purpose of the study was to examine the reliability and validity of the 30-15 Intermittent Fitness Test(30-15IFT).Methods: Forty-eight young female soccer players (age = 17.33±1.15 years; height = 175.11±6.10 cm; weight = 67.20±7.13kg) from three national level competitive clubs were recruited. Test-retest reliability was performed 7 days apart and the30-15IFT outcome measures were correlated against the Bruce continuous running test protocol.Results: Vmax (ICC = .90; CV = 1.02%, P< .001), HRpeak (ICC =.91; CV = 1.00%, P< .001) and VO2max (ICC = .91; CV = 1.10%,P< .001) exhibited high reliability properties. Correlations between the 30-15IFT and continuous running yielded very largeeffects for Vmax (R= .72; SEE = .65 km*h-1, P< .001), HRpeak (R= .77; SEE = 5.09 b.p.m., P< .001) and VO2max (R= .73; SEE= 1.96 ml*kg-1*min-1, P< .001).Conclusions: This study shows that the 30-15IFT is highly reliable and satisfactory valid tool for assessing aerobic capacityin young female soccer players.

Purpose: The study evaluated the effects of low-frequency magnetic field and kinesitherapy on selected parameters ofnutritional status and inflammation in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) undergoing hemodialysis.Methods: The study included 25 hemodialysis patients with stage G5 CKD, divided into three groups: magnetic stimulation+ kinesitherapy, kinesitherapy only, and a control group. Magnetic stimulation was applied three times a week for 12 weeks.Blood tests were performed to assess nutritional status (TP, ALB, TC, TG), inflammation (CRP) and liver enzymes AST andALT.Results: Before treatment, there were no statistically significant differences in TC (P = .675), TG (P = .861), ALT (P = .991),AST (P = .840), TP (P = .509), or ALB (P = .276). CRP values trended toward statistical significance (P = .069); the highestmedian was seen in Group 2 (10.50 mg/L). After therapy, there was a significant decrease in CRP levels in Group 2 (P =.013). Other parameters showed no significant changes. TC decreased in all groups, with the greatest decrease observed inthe control group. TG levels varied among groups: they increased in Group 1, decreased in the control group, and remainedstable in Group 2 (P = .245). AST and ALT stayed within normal limits. ALB levels slightly decreased in Groups 1 and 2, which,along with higher CRP, suggests an association with inflammation.Conclusion: Some patients with advanced CKD on haemodialysis have elevated CRP levels and low albumin, which maysignal malnutrition. Both treatments can affect inflammatory and nutritional status.

Purpose: This study aims to explore the external and internal determinants of individual forms of leisure-time physicalactivity (IF LTPA) among adults living in Świętochłowice, one of the regions with the highest obesity rates in Poland. Itexplores the effects of the generational cohort on the likelihood of engaging in IF LTPA.Methods: The authors demonstrate an interdisciplinary approach, integrating public health science, sports science, andmanagement science. In view of this, the convenience sampling recognized in development sciences was used. Data werecollected in two phases: anthropometric measurements and a face-to-face questionnaire. The sample (N = 1,065 adults) wasdivided into three generational cohorts: Generation Y, Generation X and the Baby Boomers. Logistic regression was appliedto identify relations between sociodemographic and anthropometric variables and engaging in IF LTPA.Results: Younger generations are more likely to engage in IF LTPA (36% for Generation Y and 41% for Generation X vs 20%for Baby Boomers). Moreover, only 8% of Generation Y reported no form of LTPA. Significant predictors of IF LTPA includedgender, BMI, socioeconomic group, financial situation, motivation (especially health), and overall physical activity level.Women were significantly less likely to engage in IF LTPA across all cohorts.Conclusions: The results suggest that physical activity and leisure offerings should be tailored to specific generationalcohorts. Physical activity and leisure-based products (services) should be designed and managed responsibly. Promoting IFLTPA may enhance engagement in healthy lifestyles and support public health efforts in obesogenic environments.

Purpose: Physical activity positively influences lifestyle changes in society. This study aimed to examine the relationship between the intensity of health behaviours, physical activity, and health satisfaction among paramedics and professional firefighters. Methods: The study included 172 participants aged 19–50 years. Physically active paramedics (P1) comprised 32.6% of the sample, professional firefighters (F1) 31.4%, non-exercising paramedics (P2) 25%, and non-exercising firefighters (F2) 11%. The standardized Health Behaviour Inventory (HBI) questionnaire and a proprietary questionnaire were used. Both parametric and non-parametric statistical analyses were employed. Results: Significant differences were found in the intensity of health behaviours (IHB) among the participants within the IHB point score, correct eating habits (CEH), preventive behaviours (PB), positive mental attitude (PMA), and health practices (HP) (P< .001 for the F-test in each case; ω²= .65–.74). The highest overall intensity of health behaviours (IHB) point score (82.54) was observed among physically active paramedics (P1), who also achieved better results in preventive behaviours (PB), positive mental attitude (PMA), and health practices (HP) compared to inactive firefighters (F2) (P< .001 for the t-test in each case; d= .51–.59). A significant overall variation was confirmed (P< .001 for the H-test; E²R= .11–.18, strong effect) between the Health Behaviour Inventory (HBI) and its categories and participants' health satisfaction. The respondents with the highest IHB point scores, correct eating habits (CEH), preventive behaviours (PB), positive mental attitude (PMA), health practices (HP), were more satisfied with their health (D) compared to those with lower health behaviour scores (A, B, C) (rg= -.40 to -.83). Conclusions: The demonstrated relationship between the intensity of health behaviours, physical activity and health satisfaction underscores the need to further promote these behaviours to enhance overall quality of life and improve safety in the professional practice of paramedics and firefighters.

Purpose: This research aims to present the effects of a whole-body electrical muscle stimulation (WB-EMS) physical training program on body composition and subjective pain experience for the 50 years old man A 71-day program was designed for the patient who completed 6 months of physiotherapy and rehabilitation phase after arthroscopy of a frozen shoulder, as an alternative way to complete recovery and increase comfort of life. Methods: A WB-EMS trainer supervised a subject as he worked out, following a detailed physical training program displayed on a projector screen. The subject exercised by imitating the movements shown in a previously recorded video, while the trainer carefully observed the subject. All data was collected (body composition and circumference, quality of life, subjective shoulder pain and perceived exertion questionnaire)and exercises performed based on programmed training were made in the laboratory with access to appropriate equipment. Results: Comparing day 0 (before training) and day 71, an upward trend was observed for muscle mass +5.82 kg (+19%) and segmental body composition data for lean mass +6.38 kg (+13%) in total. A downward trend was observed for segmental body composition data for fat mass –5.60 kg (-24%) in total. Body circumference data decreased for the hip, waist, and thigh -4.4cm (-2%) in total. Body circumference data increased for the arm, calf, and chest +8.7cm (+4%) in total. Our results indicated that WB-EMS physical training program can reduce fat (especially hip and waist area) and obtain gain mass, especially muscle mass for older subjects without pain. Quality of life index increase from 115 points (67%) to 152 points 89%. Conclusions: The WB-EMS physical training program was a joint shoulder-friendly form of physical exercise during which the patient reported no pain. Subject achieved the training goal: reducing fat mass and gaining muscle mass which will increase his comfort of life and perhaps prevents other age-related diseases 50+. Because of the study’s-controlled environment, this training could likely be adapted for successful home use with careful attention to detail, especially having the trainer’s guidance readily accessible.

Purpose: Technological advancements are transforming the field of sports science and medicine, leading to a new era of performance improvement and injury prevention. Digital twins and artificial intelligence (AI) are at the forefront of these innovations, working together to redefine athletic training and monitoring. This editorial offers a comprehensive overview of the integration of digital twins and AI in sports science, with a focus on their potential applications, challenges, and future developments. By utilizing sensor data, AI algorithms, and biometrics, digital twins create virtual replicas of athletes, enabling precise performance monitoring and personalized training programs. Conclusions: Large datasets generated by AI can be used to predict and prevent injuries, as well as to enhance communication among stakeholders. Despite the promises, challenges such as privacy concerns and data accuracy need to be addressed. Future advancements will concentrate on sensor accuracy, AI algorithm refinement, and broader applications. The editorial highlights exciting research opportunities, including predictive injury models, real-time performance monitoring, and longitudinal health studies. Ultimately, the collaboration between digital twins and AI represents a paradigm shift in sports science, with the potential to revolutionize athlete well-being and performance optimization.