Introduction: Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF-1) is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder. It is characterized by the development of multiple benign tumours - neurofibromas and areas of abnormal skin pigmentation. Focal Areas of Signal Intensity (FASI), also known as Unidentified Bright Objects (UBO), are seen in 60-70% of pediatric NF-1 cases on MRI brain imaging. Approximately 80% of the children with NF-1 show behavioral and cognitive disabilities. Case Presentation: We present a case of an eleven-year-old female with a history of global developmental delay and learning disabilities. The patient showed cutaneous stigmata of NF-1 with associated cognitive impairment and mild intellectual disability. Neurological examination revealed cognitive impairment with a Montreal Cognitive Assessment score of 15/30. Neuropsychological assessment suggested an intelligence quotient of 63, favouring mild intellectual disability. MRI brain revealed Focal altered signal intensity (FASI) in bilateral globus pallidi, thalami, dorsal midbrain, and right middle cerebellar peduncle. There was decreased perfusion in these areas on arterial spin labelling (ASL) with increased choline peak on MRS (Spectroscopy). Furthermore, we discuss the imaging features of FASI on conventional and advanced (MRS & ASL) sequences, differential diagnosis, and present a literature review as to how these brain changes might relate to cognitive problems in NF-1. Conclusion: FASI is a common neuroimaging manifestation of NF-1. Clinical presentation and MR spectroscopy play an important role in the diagnosis of FASI in cases of uncertainty. The presence of FASI in the cerebellum/brainstem and thalamus should prompt early neuropsychological assessment and support.

Introduction: Given the growing interest in research examining reflective functioning (RF) in youth, there is a significant need for valid measures of RF in adolescents. The 5-item Reflective Functioning Questionnaire for Youth (RFQY-5) is a promising measure that can help fill this gap. However, studies have yet to evaluate the performance of the Spanish translation of the RFQY-5 or how the history of parental neglect may impact RF in adolescents. The first aim of this study was to conduct a psychometric evaluation of the Spanish RFQY-5. The second aim was to examine differences in RF between adolescents affected by parental neglect and adolescents from the community. Methods: The study employed convenience sampling to recruit 570 adolescents (11-18 years), of whom 168 were receiving psychosocial support due to a history of parental neglect. The remaining 402 adolescents were from regional schools. Participants completed the RFQY-5 and three RF-related measures. Results: Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) supported a unidimensional structure. Measurement invariance was demonstrated across age and gender, and results indicated acceptable internal consistency and convergent validity. No significant differences in RF were found between groups. However, age-related differences emerged, with late adolescents who had a history of parental neglect demonstrating poorer RF. Discussion: The measure demonstrated sound psychometric properties and a unidimensional structure while RF was not found to be negatively impacted by parental neglect until late adolescence. result: Results from the confirmatory factor analysis supported the unidimensional structure of the RFQY-5 and measurement invariance across age and gender. Results demonstrated acceptable internal consistency and convergent validity through correlations between the RFQY-5 other measures related to RF. Results did not reveal significant group differences on RF between adolescents with a history of parental neglect and those from the community. However, group differences emerged when examining RF among late adolescents only. Conclusion: The Spanish RFQY-5 appears to be a valid measure for use in Spanish-speaking adolescents. Future research should examine age-related moderation of RFQY-5 identification of youth with RF challenges.

Introduction:: School bullying and cyberbullying have emerged as major public health concerns among adolescents, with significant psychological, social, and academic consequences. In the context of increasing digital media use, understanding the prevalence of these phenomena and their associated factors is essential, particularly in underexplored settings such as Tunisia. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of school bullying and cyberbullying and to identify individual and environmental characteristics associated with victimization. Methods:: A cross-sectional study was conducted on high school students in the Sfax region in February 2022. A 33-question form assessed sociodemographic data. Bullying was measured using the Multidimensional Peer-Victimization Scale, and cyberbullying using the Cyber-Harassment Student Survey. Results:: Out of a total of 396 secondary school students recruited in this study, 223 (56.3%) were victims of bullying, 186 (47%) were victims of cyberbullying, and 140 (35.4%) were victims of both types of bullying. The profiles of the victims of bullying and cyberbullying were comparable. The risk factors identified across the three groups in our sample were primarily family and/or school problems. Discussion:: In the present study, the prevalence of school bullying was 55.6%, and social manipulation was the most frequent form of school bullying, followed by verbal victimization and attack on property. The high proportion of victimization by social manipulation is worrying, as it suggests the existence of a social problem that can have considerable effects on the emotional and social development of adolescents. The prevalence of cyberbullying in our study was 46.7%. This prevalence is also said to have increased over the years. The social, demographic, family, and environmental characteristics of teenage victims of school bullying and cyberbullying may differ. Nevertheless, it is crucial to understand the factors that contribute to these situations so that we can provide the necessary help to the teenagers concerned. Conclusion:: The study reveals a high prevalence of school bullying and cyberbullying among Tunisian adolescents, often co-occurring. Individual and environmental factors significantly influence the persistence of bullying, underscoring the need for effective interventions.

Introduction/Objective: The present study explored a moderated mediation model within a cohort of emerging adults, examining the interplay between Trait Impulsivity (TI), Emotional Regulation (ER), and symptoms of ADHD Hyperactivity/Impulsivity (HI) and Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD). Methods: Utilizing a convenience sample of 210 emerging adults (men = 49, women = 161; mean age 21.17 years; SD = 2.20 years), the study employed standardized measures to analyze the relationships between TI, HI, ODD, and ER, using Hayes’s macro for SPSS Process model 14. Results: The findings showed that HI mediated the association between TI and ODD and that ER moderated the association between HI and ODD, such that lower levels of ER increased the association. Conclusion: These findings align with the Trait Impulsivity Hypothesis (TIH), extending its application by integrating temperament literature on ADHD. This study contributes to the theoretical and practical understanding of impulsivity's role in externalizing disorders, highlighting the importance of ER in this dynamic.

Introduction: The prevalent usage of smartphones hours of thenight has emerged as a major concern due to its substantial yet sometimes undervalued impact on sleep and general health. This narrative review examines the effects of blue light from digital screens on circadian rhythm control, including its inhibitory effect on melatonin production and the consequent disturbance of sleep-wake cycles. Methods: A thorough literature search was performed across many databases, including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar. Unlike systematic reviews conducted under PRISMA guidelines, this review synthesizes findings from a selection of relevant literature to provide a broad overview of current understanding in this area. Results: Blue light affects circadian rhythm, delaying the start of sleep, decreasing sleep efficiency, and increasing insomnia. Extended screen time before bedtime increases cortisol, sympathetic nervous system activity, and parasympathetic imbalance. These changes cause stress, visual fatigue, cognitive impairments, and metabolic issues. Long-term artificial light exposure at night causes cardiovascular disease, obesity, and insulin resistance. Discussion: This review describes the physiological and psychological impacts of nocturnal digital screen blue light exposure. Blue light filters, circadian-aligned lighting, and behavioral changes promoting screen-free pre-sleep are recommended by current research to mitigate the health risks of nighttime screen exposure. Conclusion: This discussion seeks to raise awareness of digital habits improve sleep hygiene, and underscore persistent issues related to excessive blue light exposure in the modern technology-driven environment.

Introduction: This study examines how parents’ perceptions of boundaries influence their relationship with their children. Methods: The survey was conducted in 2024, with the participation of parents of children aged 6-14. Particularly, ninety people participated in this survey, of whom 84.4% were women (n= 76) and 15.6% were men (n= 14). Two questionnaires were used. The first (Boundaries Quiz - BQ) measures the degree of familiarity with boundaries, and the second (Child-Parent Relationship Scale - CPRS) assesses parents' perceptions of their relationship with their children. Results: The results showed a normal distribution of data regarding the familiarity with boundaries (p= 0.87), while the quality of the relationship showed a non-normal distribution in all three question categories (Conflicts p= 0.017, Closeness p= 0.001, Dependence p= 0.007). Parents seemed to face problems setting their boundaries, especially in cases of divorce (Mean= 19.6, Standard Deviation= 10.15). A statistically significant difference was observed between divorced parents and those with a cohabitation agreement (p= 0.023). It was also found that family status significantly influenced how parents set boundaries, in contrast to their profession. Discussion: Parental boundaries towards children are crucial for their holistic development, providing guidance and security. result: The results showed a normal distribution of data for familiarity with boundaries with p>0.05 (p= 0.87), while the quality of the relationship showed a non-normal distribution in all three question categories with p≤ 0.05 (Conflicts p= 0.017, Closeness p= 0.001, Dependence p= 0.007). Parents seemed to face problems setting their boundaries, especially in cases of divorce as OD= 19.6, SD= 10.15 and a statistically significant difference between Divorced parents and parents with a Cohabitation Agreement with pTukey= 0.023. No statistically significant correlation was observed between familiarity with boundaries and the quality of the parent-child relationship. It was also found that family status significantly influenced the way in which parents set boundaries in contrast to the profession. Conclusion: In general, the study concluded that the majority of parents experience problems setting their boundaries. The present study had some limitations due to the small sample and the fact that the sample composition is heavily skewed. Future studies must be concluded, including larger samples, leading to more reliable results.

Background: This narrative review considers implications for the increasing prevalence of diagnosed autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in clinical settings. Clinicians and researchers can be guided through an improved understanding of associated factors increasing the risk for suicidality and suicide in individuals manifesting symptoms of ASD and high ASD traits (ASDTs). Methods: A systematic literature review is supplemented with reverse citations to ensure updated information. By title and abstract, 456 articles were identified. Of those, 50 were used initially, and 15 were later added manually or through reverse citations. Results: Higher suicidal thoughts and behaviors (STBs) and suicide rates exist across the age spectrum in individuals with ASD/high ASDTs compared to matched comparison groups from the general population. Associated, poorly understood factors include comorbid psychiatric conditions and suicide risk factors that overlap with ASD symptoms. Increased risk of STB in higher functioning ASD is emphasized. Interpersonal conflict and depression are significant risk factors, as are comorbid borderline personality, bipolar disorder, anxiety, and obsessive-compulsive disorders. Conclusion: Multiple diagnostic challenges are considered that affect appropriate care to address the increasing incidence of STB and suicide in ASD. This overview integrates extant knowledge for case formulation and treatment planning. It provides support for more focused research to improve ASD-related screening instruments and to address the unique features of ASD-related psychopathology. Improved training is needed for clinicians in screening and preventive efforts and to enhance their competence and comfort for addressing and treating STBs in those with ASDTs and ASD. (N=248).

The opioid epidemic continues to make a significant impact on public health across multiple domains. While patients with opioid use disorders (OUD) remain in the face of this epidemic, the effect of the opioid epidemic, including on children and families, remains unheard. The impact of the opioid crisis is felt the most by individuals who do not use opioids themselves, with children being the most vulnerable victims of the opioid epidemic, an aspect of this epidemic that receives far less attention. The socio-ecological model approach is used to increase awareness of the lived experiences of children growing up in households with OUD and to promote the incorporation of treatment considerations based on available research. A literature review was conducted using computer-based searches using PubMed, PsycINFO, Medline, and Google Scholar databases. This entailed searching according to the following keywords (or stems when possible): opioids, opioid overdose, parental opioid use, child maltreatment, resilience, and adverse childhood experiences. Keywords were combined by using the Boolean operators "AND" and "OR". Additionally, the ancestry approach, where potential studies were identified from the reference sections of existing reviews on the association between opioids and children, was used. Given that prenatal opioid use is extensively studied, and our focus was on lived experiences, studies focused solely on the effects of prenatal opioid use were excluded. Selected studies were varied in scope and methodologies. We reviewed the bibliographies of identified studies for additional studies and used both forward and backward searching. The economic cost of OUD and fatal opioid overdose is staggering and estimated to be about $1.02 trillion. Exposure to parental opioid use in childhood can have a significant impact on children's current and future lives. Conversely, for parents with OUD, children often provide a strong motivation for treatment. Children of adults with OUD are at higher risk of early exposure and initiation of opioid misuse. Opioid exposure in childhood, in turn, is associated with adult opioid misuse and OUD. Screening at healthcare visits is advocated to detect and mitigate the impact of OUD on children. The odds of using school-based mental health services are greater in boys compared to girls. Emerging evidence suggests that boys manifest less resiliency in the face of parental opioid exposure. This indicates a more nuanced understanding of the developmental outcomes of parental opioid exposure.

Introduction: This systematic review aimed at exploring the impact of the coronavirus pandemic on adolescents’ psychosomatic problems and whether the pandemic differentially impacted different genders. Method: An extensive search of eight electronic databases for studies published/conducted between 2014-2018 for pre-pandemic prevalence of psychosomatic problems among adolescents (11-17 years) and for studies published and conducted between 2019-2023 during/post-pandemic prevalence resulted in the final selection of 38 studies. This included 25 pre-pandemic studies, six studies published and conducted during/after the pandemic, and seven studies that reported pre-post-pandemic comparison. The review was reported following PRISMA guidelines. ROBINS-E tool was used for assessing the risk of bias while the JBI Critical Appraisal Tools were used to assess study quality. Results: Findings showed that sleep problems and headaches dominated adolescent psychosomatic problems pre-pandemic. Sleep problems continued to be the most common problem post-pandemic, followed by stomach ache and feeling low, dizziness, irritability, appetite loss, tension, and difficulty concentrating. In general, females reported more psychosomatic symptoms, though limited research explored gender differences. Only one study found improved psychosomatic health postpandemic, more so for boys than girls. Psychological complaints increased postpandemic; however, results were mixed about somatic and musculoskeletal complaints after the pandemic. Some studies found no change in post-pandemic psychosomatic symptoms. Conclusion: Gender-specific, tailored training programs are crucial for enhancing resilience and coping to mitigate the impact of the pandemic on adolescents’ psychosomatic health.