In this paper, nonlinear fractional order Ebola virus mathematical model is discussed for the complex transmission of the epidemic problems. We developed the fractional order Ebola virus transmission model for the treatment and control to reduce its effect on a population which play an important role for public health. Qualitative analysis has been made to verify the the steady state and uniqueness of the system is also developed for reliable results. Caputo fractional derivative operator ϕi ∈ (0,1] works to achieve the fractional differential equations. Laplace with Adomian Decomposition Methodsuccessfully solved the fractional differential equations. Ultimately, numerical simulations are also developed to evaluate the effects of the device parameter on spread of disease and effect of fractional parameter ϕi on obtained solution which can also be assessed by tabulated results.

Non-conventional yeasts are an excellent option for a number of different industrial bioprocesses. They possess beneficial natural phenotypes, which translates to several fermentation advantages when compared to traditional hosts, like <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i>. The non-conventional yeasts <i>Yarrowia lipolytica</i>, <i>Trichosporon oleaginosus</i>, <i>Kluyveromyces marxianus</i>, <i>Dekkera bruxellensis</i>, <i>Pichia kudriavzevii</i>, <i>Debaryomyces hansenii</i> and <i>Hansenula polymorpha</i>, are considered desirable industrial hosts due to their natural characteristics, including tolerance to several by-products and inhibitors, thermotolerance, salt resistance or osmo- and xerotolerance. Therefore, they are a great alternative for the industrial production of bioethanol, fine chemicals, lipids and recombinant proteins, among others. In this review, we summarize the best natural characteristics of those seven non-conventional yeasts and their use in industrial biotechnology, as well as the molecular/synthetic biology tools available for their genetic modification. Moreover, possible limitations regarding their performance in industrial fermentations and a list of challenges to overcome in the future are also discussed.

The life cycle of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which is the etiologic agent for coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), has been revealed, and the molecular mechanism of how this virus replicates has been studied. Effective drugs could be designed to target one of the replication processes. This virus, which contains plus-strand RNA as a genome, is characteristic because it synthesizes its genome and other transcripts with minus-strand template RNA. These viral RNAs, including its genome, are transcribed by an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). In this article, we discuss whether novel materials from RNA derivatives could be applied to COVID-19 patients to prevent or disturb viral transcription.

Flavonoid is an important group of plant secondary metabolites. The biosynthesis of this flavonoid group can be precisely regulated by many environmental factors. Currently, histone variants have been documented as important factors in the regulation of eukaryotic gene expression. H2A.Z histone variant has been found to function in numerous plant physiological programs including flavonoid biosynthesis. Moreover, the environmental changes have been shown to significantly influence the replacement between histone proteins and their variants leading to alterations in gene expression. Based on the recent studies, this mini-review is to provide an updated view on the functions of histone variant H2A.Z in the regulation of flavonoid biosynthetic gene expression. In addition, this also suggests a model in which the H2A.Z-containing nucleosomes can be evicted upon environmental stress conditions to facilitate the targeting of transcriptional activators to these flavonoid biosynthetic genes resulting in gene activation and flavonoid accumulation in Arabidopsis plants.

Blood cell classification is a recent topic for scientists working on the diagnosis of blood cell related illnesses. As the number of computer vision (CV) applications is increasing to improve quality of human life, it spreads in the areas of autonomous drive, surveillance, robotic applications, telecommunications and etc. The number of CV applications also increases in the medical sector due the decreasing value of doctors per patient ratio (DPPR) in urban and suburban areas. A doctor working in such areas sometimes would have to interpret thousands of patients’ test results in a day. This condition would result disadvantages such as false diagnosis on patients and break on working motivations for doctors. Some of the tests would probably be interpreted using an application developed by Artificial Neural Networks (ANN). Tests related to blood cells are examined for the patients as a starting point of diagnosis and information obtained about their abnormalities give doctors a preliminary idea about the illnesses. This article issues generation of a CV application that would be used as an assistant of doctors who have domain expertise. The article issues segmentation of blood cells, classification of red and white blood cells containing 6 types such as erythrocyte, lymphocyte, platelets, neutrophil, monocytes and eosinophils using the segmentation results. It also discusses about a method for detection of abnormalities on red blood cells (erythrocyte).

Nanotechnology has greatly enhanced the field of medicine over the last decade. Within this field, advances in nanoparticle research have rendered them attractive candidates for drug delivery. Consequently, controlling the chemistry that occurs at the nanoparticle interface influences the efficiency of the drug-delivery system. In this review, we explore the role of coating materials, in the form of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs), in enhancing the interfacial properties of nanoparticles. We discuss how SAMs enhance the properties of particles, such as stability and dispersibility, as well as provide a platform for delivering biomolecules and other therapeutic agents. In addition, we describe recent methods for generating nanoparticles with targeted surface functionality using custom-designed SAMs. These functionalities offer marked advances to the three stages of a drug-delivery system: loading, delivery, and release of therapeutic molecules. A suitable functionalization strategy can provide a means for covalent or non-covalent immobilization of drug molecules. Moreover, a robust coating layer can aid the encapsulation of drug molecules and inhibit molecular degradation during the delivery process. A stimuli-responsive SAM layer can also provide an efficient release mechanism. Thus, we also review how stimuli-responsive coatings allow for the controlled release of therapeutic agents. In addition, we discuss the merits and limitations of stimuli-responsive SAMs as well as possible strategies for future delivery systems. Overall, advances in this research area allow for developing novel drug delivery methodologies with high efficiency and minimal toxicity.

The human oral cavity is a complex ecosystem harboring hundreds species of microbes that are largely living on the tooth surfaces as dental biofilms. Most microbes in dental biofilms promote oral health by stimulating the immune system or by preventing invasion of pathogens. Species diversity, high cell density and close proximity of cells are typical of life in dental biofilms, where microbes interact with each other and develop complex interactions that can be either competitive or cooperative. Competition between species is a well-recognized ecological force to drive microbial metabolism, species diversity and evolution. However, it was not until recently that microbial cooperative activities are also recognized to play important roles in microbial physiology and ecology. Importantly, these interactions profoundly affect the overall biomass, function, diversity and the pathogenesis in dental biofilms. It is now recognized that every human body contains a personalized oral microbiome that is essential to maintaining the oral health. Remarkably, the indigenous species in dental biofilms often maintain a relatively stable and harmless relationship with the host, despite regular exposure to environmental perturbations and the host defense factors. Such stability or homeostasis results from a dynamic balance of microbial-microbial and microbial-host interactions. Under certain circumstances, however, the homeostasis may breakdown, predisposing a site to diseases. In this review, we describe several examples of microbial interactions and their impacts on the homeostasis and pathogenesis of dental biofilms. We hope to encourage research on microbial interactions in the regulation of the homeostasis in biofilms.

Permanent magnets with non-uniform magnetic field and an electromagnet with 3–5 mT uniform magnetic field were applied to investigate their effects on both aerobic granulation and COD and ammonium removal in reactors with less than 7% coverage of magnetic field. It was found that both types of magnets had little influence on the granulation speed and the settling ability of granular sludge at the steady state. However, the maximum specific COD degradation rate and the maximum specific NH4+-N removal rate were increased by 45–54% and 30–50%, respectively, in the magnetic fields. Mean effluent COD with the electromagnet and the permanent magnet field, respectively, at the steady state, was 28 mg l−1 and 6 mg l−1, respectively, lower than the control at a statistical significance level of alpha = 0.05. No statistically significant increase in NH4+-N removal was observed at the steady state probably due to almost complete NH4+-N removal before the end of the cycle. In addition, it was found that extracellular polymeric substances in granular sludge with electromagnet were 77% more while soluble microbial products were much less compared with the control, suggesting a positively changed metabolism of granular sludge at steady state. The results in this study indicated that low-intensity magnetic field has a great potential to be applied in granular sludge for an improved wastewater treatment.