Objective: Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME) is an idiopathic generalized epilepsy syndrome with age-dependent onset.The corpus callosum (CC), the largest commissural pathway connecting the two cerebral hemispheres, has been reported to undergo structural alterations in epilepsy.However, data regarding morphometric CC changes in JME patients and their prognostic implications remain limited.This study aimed to determine whether regional differences exist in CC morphometric measurements in JME patients and whether these measurements have prognostic value.Methods: Magnetic resonance imaging scans of 40 JME patients and 20 age-and sex-matched healthy controls were evaluated.CC measurements were obtained from midsagittal T1-weighted images and included the anterior-posterior (A-P) diameter and the perpendicular diameters of the genu, truncus, and splenium.Results: A total of 40 patients with JME and 20 healthy controls were included.The genu thickness of the CC was significantly reduced in patients compared with controls, whereas the truncus, splenium, and A-P diameters did not differ.In sex-based analyses, male patients showed a greater A-P diameter than female patients, while no sex differences were observed among controls.No correlations were identified between CC measurements and age, disease duration, seizure type, or seizure frequency.Patients receiving polytherapy and patients treated with valproic acid exhibited significantly larger A-P diameters than patients receiving monotherapy and patients treated with levetiracetam, respectively.Conclusion: JME is associated with region-specific structural alterations of the CC, particularly a reduced thickness of the genu.These changes appear unrelated to clinical severity markers such as seizure type, frequency, or disease duration, suggesting a predominantly developmental or genetic basis.The enlarged A-P diameter observed in male patients and those receiving valproic acid or polytherapy may reflect sex-or treatment-related influences on callosal morphology.Further prospective studies using advanced imaging modalities are needed to clarify the clinical significance of these findings.

Various mechanisms are implicated in the pathogenesis of the disease, including ion channel dysfunction.Ion channels represent the basis of neurons electrophysiological excitability and communication, while functional disturbance is thought to be capable of triggering epileptic seizures by affecting the excitability of the brain. 4art rate and blood pressure abnormalities may sometimes be seen in addition to seizures in patients with epilepsy. 5,6While studies have suggested that epilepsy alters the QT interval and QTc, levetiracetam has been reported to exhibit a protective effect in the pediatric population. [7][8]9][10] Levetiracetam is a safe and relatively low-cost drug capable of being used in various types of epilepsy, and one that exhibits less interaction with other antiseizure agents. 11Its principal side-effects are nasopharyngitis, somnolence, headache, dizziness, fatigue, asthenia, diarrhea, and constipation, although severe side-effects, including Stevens-Johnson syndrome, liver failure, hepatitis, pancreatitis, hematological disorders, aggression, and attempted suicide can also be seen. [12][13]3][14][15] Cardiovascular side-effects and arrhythmias can also occur during levetiracetam use. 10 In recent years, it has been reported that it is capable of altering the QT interval and even causing torsades de pointes.CredibleMeds added levetiracetam to the list of drugs involving a risk of potential QT prolongation and torsades de pointes on 11 September 2022. [16][17][18][19] The effects of levetiracetam on cardiac conduction and electrophysiology and the probable effect mechanism are still unclear.The purpose of this study was to compare heart rate (beats/min), PR interval, QTc, QT interval, and QRS duration parameters at electrocardiography (ECG) performed before treatment and in the second year of treatment on patients diagnosed with epilepsy and started on levetiracetam monotherapy.

An 18-year-old female patient with a known diagnosis of epilepsy presented to the emergency department with a one-month history of generalized rash accompanied by progressively worsening fever over the last ten days.Based on clinical suspicion of drug-induced hypersensitivity reaction, the patient was admitted to the dermatology department and subsequently referred to our neurology clinic for evaluation of potential antiseizure drug-associated adverse effects.The patient had a one-year history of generalized onset tonic-clonic seizures, with a baseline frequency of approximately 10 episodes per month.Her antiseizure treatment consisted of levetiracetam (LEV) 1000 mg/day, initiated three months prior to evaluation.Due to persistent seizure activity, LTG was added six weeks before admission.Following this adjustment, her seizure frequency had decreased to three episodes per month.

Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder, usually diagnosed during childhood and adolescence, that causes abnormal electrical activity in the brain and predisposes the individual to recurrent seizures. 1The word epilepsy is derived from the Greek word epilepsia and can be divided into two separate words, epi (on) and lepsis (to hold or have a seizure). 2ilepsy affects approximately 50 million people worldwide.Approximately 50% of epilepsy diagnoses are made during childhood and adolescence, affecting the lives of 10.5 million children under the age of 15. 3 The lifetime prevalence rate of epilepsy in children is 7.2 per 1,000 individuals.Approximately 5% of these individuals will have at least one epileptic seizure during their lifetime. 4In recent studies, the prevalence of epilepsy has been reported as 139/100,000 in underdeveloped and developing countries and 49/100,000 in developed countries.Four out of five of individuals with epilepsy live in underdeveloped and developing countries. 3Individuals with epilepsy in disadvantaged areas often do not receive treatment due to lack of access, which negatively affects both their physical and psychological health. 5ilepsy and seizures are caused by genetic, structural, metabolic, infectious, immune, and unknown causes.These causes are not hierarchical and epilepsy can result from multiple causes. 6Antiepileptic drugs are effective in epilepsy and can control the symptoms.The symptoms observed are effectively managed in 7/10 of individuals with epilepsy when using appropriate antiepileptic drugs. 3Individuals with epilepsy and their families face difficulties.Discrimination and stigmatization are among the challenges faced by individuals with epilepsy.

both the positive and negative facets of an individual's life, reflecting overall well-being.From that perspective, QOL extends beyond the mere assessment of physical health to encompass diverse areas such as family dynamics, educational attainment, work status, financial prosperity, personal freedoms, environmental considerations, and security in both the personal and financial spheres. 3,4Variables affecting QOL include age, place of residence, socioeconomic status, maternal educational background, seizure characteristics such as type and frequency, and the quantity of antiepileptic medications used. 5Health-related QOL (HRQOL) is also a multifaceted concept involving aspects of social, emotional, and physical functioning or well-being, which are related to the individual's health status. 6There are also studies showing that QOL is adversely affected in children with epilepsy. [7][8][9] The bibliometric analysis employed in this study is a highly comprehensive quantitative method.Such analysis makes it possible to determine the authors of studies on a specific topic, the institutions and countries where those authors work, the most cited publications, and the keywords used.Bibliometric analysis serves as an important tool not only for understanding previous research but also as a guide to future studies by identifying potential areas of investigation. 10r review of the relevant literature revealed that while bibliometric analyses have been conducted on research focusing on children with epilepsy, there has been no bibliometric analysis specifically addressing these children's QOL. [11][12]2][13] The purpose of this research was to examine studies on the QOL of such children from a bibliometric perspective and to determine missing elements, along with data concerning life and treatment, that have not previously been investigated.

Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder characterized by spontaneous and recurrent seizures.It remains a significant global health issue, affecting approximately 50 million people worldwide. 1Understanding the mechanisms underlying epilepsy development and progression, known as epileptogenesis, is critical for developing more effective treatments. 2 One widely used experimental model to study epileptogenesis and seizure dynamics is the kindling model. 3In this model, repeated sub-treshold electrical stimulation of a specific brain region, often the amygdala, leads to the gradual development of seizures.Over time, this results in the generation of permanent changes in brain excitability, ultimately causing spontaneous seizures. 4,5The Racine scale, which ranges from stage 1 (mild facial clonus) to stage 5 (generalized tonic-clonic seizures), is commonly employed to classify seizure severity in kindling studies. 6The kindling model has been extensively studied in various rodent strains, each offering distinct insights into seizure susceptibility, progression, and resistance. 7Genetic Absence Epilepsy Rats from Strasbourg (GAERS) is a well-established animal model for absence epilepsy, characterized by spontaneous spike-and-wave discharges (SWDs) seen on the electroencephalogram (EEG), which are also observed in human absence epilepsy. 8GAERS have traditionally been considered resistant to convulsive seizures, 5,9,10 making them an interesting model to study epileptogenesis. 11n contrast, Wistar rats, commonly used as a control group, are susceptible to kindling, which produces convulsive seizures. 7,12,13The

Traditionally, the frequency of seizures reported by patients or relatives is used to measure response to ASM. 7 Nevertheless, patients are usually unaware of up to 60% of their seizures when they are awake and up to 80% of their seizures during sleep. 8,9In addition, patients might not be aware of epileptiform activity when they appear. 10,11Accordingly, the epileptiform discharge burden on EEG rather than the declared seizure frequency might be a more reliable measure of disease activity. [12][13]3][14][15][16][17] Given these factors, long-term EEG recordings that assess epileptiform discharge burden might provide a more objective indicator of prognosis and improvement after ASM initiation. [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18] Perampanel (PER), a non-competitive -amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid, receptor antagonist, received approval from the European Medicine Agency (EMA) for use as an adjunctive therapy for both focal and generalized epilepsy, and it has demonstrated efficacy in various off-label clinical scenarios, from myoclonic epilepsy to status epilepticus. [19][20]0][21][22] Among all available ASMs, PER is the sole medication that directly inhibits glutamatergic pathways. 23ttle is described about the measurable effect of ASM on epileptiform discharge in focal and generalized epilepsy.Few studies have investigated the effects of newer ASMs.This study aimed to evaluate the effects of PER on EEG. 24Our results might provide a different Abstract Objective: Perampanel (PER), a noncompetitive -amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor antagonist, has been approved as adjunctive therapy for focal and generalized epilepsy.Limited information is available regarding the measurable impact of anti-seizure medications (ASM).In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of PER on electroencephalography (EEG) background activity and interictal epileptic discharge.Methods: This study included all patients with a clinical diagnosis of epilepsy who underwent routine EEG before and after PER treatment between 2018 and 2023.EEG findings were examined according to their background activity and clinical features such as risk factors of epilepsy, the occurrence of sleep-related seizures, sleep disorders, intellectual disability, abnormality of magnetic resonance imaging and EEG, multifocal features on EEG, the duration between EEG and initiation of PER treatment, frequency of seizures before and after PER treatment (seizure freedom or >50% reduction in seizures), previous epilepsy surgery, the number of current and previous ASM, and dosage of PER.Results: In a total of 11 patients, epilepsy type was focal in 8 (73%), all of the patients were on polytherapy, and 4 of them had undergone epilepsy surgery.PER treatment resulted in seizure freedom in 36% of patients and a >50% decrease in seizures in 55% of patients.There was no statistically significant relationship between background activity, phase reversal, and equipotential in EEG before and after PER treatment.In addition, pre-and posttreatment responses to activation procedures and disruption in sleep structure did not differ significantly.The relationship between seizure freedom and phase reversal decrease after PER treatment was statistically significant.The relationship between a >50% decrease in the frequency of seizures and epileptic discharges also reached statistical significance.Conclusion: To summarize, seizure freedom following PER treatment appears to be associated with reduced epileptic discharge, and EEG monitoring might help determine prognosis.

Objective: This study aimed to determine the self-management of epilepsy, spousal support, and related factors in individuals diagnosed with epilepsy. Manage the disease process in individuals diagnosed with epilepsy is crucial in terms of daily functionality and quality of life. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study included 135 individuals diagnosed with epilepsy. Data were collected using a patient information form that included sociodemographic and clinical characteristics and the Epilepsy Self-Management Scale and Spousal Support. Results: In this study, the mean score of the epilepsy self-management scale was 133.64 (18.40).Education, gender, income level, presence of children, and frequency of seizures were determined as factors affecting epilepsy self-management. No relationship was found between spousal support and epilepsy self-management. Conclusion: This study makes a significant contribution to the literature in determining factors affecting self-efficacy. Our results revealed the personal characteristics of the patients, especially sociodemographic factors that affect epilepsy self-management.

Objective: Interventions by clinical pharmacists are required to identify and resolve medication-related problems. This study aimed to identify drug-related problems (DRPs) encountered by patients with epilepsy, provide pharmaceutical care (PC) interventions, and evaluate the impact of these clinical interventions. Methods: A prospective longitudinal study was conducted on 95 patients with epilepsy attending the neurology/medical outpatient clinics of two epilepsy referral centers. During patient clinic visits, the pharmacist collected medication history, reviewed patient medication use, identified DRPs, provided PC services, and collaborated with physicians and patients to resolve identified DRPs. Documentation and classification of identified DRPs, categorization of the pharmacists’ interventions, categorization of acceptance of the pharmacist’s intervention proposals, and categorization of the status of the DRPs after the interventions were performed using the Pharmaceutical Care Network Europe Classification Scheme for DRPs V8.02. Results: The total number of DRPs identified by the clinical pharmacists in the study population was 277. Three hundred and seventy-nine interventions were offered by the clinical pharmacists. Approximately 57.04% of the identified DRPs were patient-related, whereas 15.88% were dispensing-related. Approximately 64.12% of the research pharmacist’s interventions were at the patient level, whereas 24.01% of these interventions were at the prescriber level. Two hundred and eleven (55.67%) of the clinical pharmacist interventions were accepted and fully implemented. Approximately 61.73% of the identified DRPs were fully resolved. Conclusion: Most DRPs encountered were resolved following the acceptance of the clinical pharmacist’s PC interventions by the patients and attending physicians. This study revealed the huge potential of clinical pharmacists in providing specialized care for patients with epilepsy.

Objectives: This study was conducted to evaluate the relationship between toxoplasmosis and cryptogenic epilepsy (CE) by comparing the rate of Toxoplasma gondii seropositivity identified in CE patients with those without any neurological disorder. Methods: The study included 200 cryptogenic patients and 164 individuals without neurological disorders. T. gondii seropositivity was studied in individuals included in the study using the T. gondii-IgG ELISA kit. The study found T. gondii IgG in 15.50% of CE patients and 28.66% of individuals without any neurological disorder. The difference between the two groups was determined to be statistically significant. Conclusion: Toxoplasmosis did not increase the risk of epilepsy in the region where this study was conducted. However, for a better understanding of the CE-T. gondii relationship, we believe that seroprevalence studies should be conducted in larger populations.