Petrochemical industries have faced growing pressure to decrease their carbon emission from direct and indirect sources. This work aims to demonstrate a carbon tax’s introduction to a feasibility study on the heat exchanger (HE) replacement project at PT Kaltim Methanol Industri, Indonesia. The project was aimed to avoid methanol release as much as 48.88 MT/year. The release of methanol can also be associated with CO2 emission with an emission factor of 0.6 ton CO2e/ton methanol. Here, we investigated the influence of inclusion and exclusion of carbon tax to monetize the CO2 release. From the project investment point of view, carbon tax inclusion is expected to increase the cost-saving. Introduction of the carbon tax as high as 10 USD/ton CO2e with 5% annual increase gives IRR value of 7.06% with Payout Time (PoT) of ca. 11 years. The IRR value without carbon tax scenario is 6.68 % with the same range of PoT. Hence, the inclusion of carbon tax may increase the feasibility of the project. This work has demonstrated the positive role of the carbon tax to increase the feasibility of a project which inlines with the national initiatives to curb the CO2 emission from chemical industries. It is also worth noting that introduction of carbon tax should be accompanied by a reorganization of government incentives, including several financial policies to create a conducive atmosphere for investors in Indonesia.

Tristaniopsis merguensis Griff. is a species of the Myrtaceae family and has been widely used by people of Bangka Belitung as a traditional medicine to reduce cholesterol, gastric pains, and improve cardiac performance. Extraction methods are the crucial efficacy of herbal medicine. The conventional method, like maceration, takes a long time. In this study, the leaves of Tristaniopsis merguensis were extracted using Microwave-Assisted Extraction (MAE) to reduce extraction time. The extraction using MARS (Microwave Accelerated Reaction System) 6 by CEM Corporation with time variation times of 5, 10, 15, 30 min with temperature of 60, 80, 100oC at 1200 W. The yield using acetone extraction of Tristaniopsis merguensis leaves increases with time and temperature. The extraction dependent on solvent extraction, polar solvent like ethanol, and methanol were higher than semi-polar solvents like acetone and ethyl acetate. The polyphenol content of acetone extract using MAE (10 min, 80oC) was found to be 234.67 mg Gallic Acid Equivalent per gram (GAE/g); it was higher than acetone extract using maceration. The phytochemical results show there are no difference in the active compound using MAE and maceration, i.e. alkaloids, tannin, and flavonoids. Yield extraction, time, and phytochemical results of MAE are more favorable than a maceration.

Chitosan (CS) is biopolymer derived from deacetylation of chitin which can be found mainly in crustacean shells such as shrimp, crab, lobster etc. CS powder has been used to remove dye in many research. However, it was difficult to separate CS powder from aqueous solution. Considering the three-dimensional sponge natural structure of luffa fiber. it may address this issue by coating CS onto the surface of luffa fiber. This adsorbent was called chitosan coated luffa fiber (CS-LF). The aim of this studied is to investigate the potential of CS-LF to remove the anionic dye. Congo red is representative of anionic dye. Adsorption of anionic dye from aqueous solution using CS-LF was studied in a batch system. The effect of chitosan concentration coated on luffa fiber and initial anionic dye concentrations had been investigated on adsorption equilibrium and adsorption kinetic. An adsorption isotherm data were regularly analyzed using Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. While, adsorption kinetic were basically evaluated by pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order and intraparticle diffusion equation. The results showed that the adsorption isotherm fitted well by Langmuir isotherm model with maximum adsorption capacity 20.37 mg/g. The anionic dye adsorption kinetic of CS-LF were greatest described by pseudo-second-order equation and rate-controlling step of anionic dye adsorption process may be chemical reaction. Therefore, CS-LF is potential adsorbent as low-cost adsorbent to remove anionic dye from aqueous solution and could be simply separated from aqueous solutions after used. Finally, our study is firstly report in anionic dye adsorption using chitosan coated luffa fiber.

A catalyst for tar cracking has been prepared successfully from natural zeolites using ion exchange with NH4NO3, and acid leaching with HNO3 solution for removing impurities and increasing pore volume. The activity of the modified zeolite was tested using toluene as a tar model compound. Tar conversion of about 54% was achieved in catalytic steam reforming at a temperature of 750C using 2 gram of catalyst and the gas hourly space velocity about 5040 h-1.

Biodiesel is considered as a viable alternative to diesel fuels since it is renewable and eco-friendly. Edible oils account for majority of feedstock oils used in biodiesel production since their free fatty acids (FFA) levels are below 1%. However, these oils are expensive and compete with food demand. Low cost feedstock oils may be used but they must undergo a pre-treatment process (glycerolysis) to reduce their FFA content to less than 1%. Conventional glycerolysis requires long reaction times so microwave irradiation is used to speed up the process. Neem oil with an initial %FFA of 1.138% was used to determine the effect of microwave irradiation on different factors that would affect the FFA reduction. The following factors are investigated: reaction time (5 and 9 minutes), reaction temperature (100°C and 120°C), oil to glycerol molar ratio (1:1 and 1:2) and sulfuric acid catalyst concentration or loading (2% and 4.5%). This study reports that reaction temperature was the only significant factor on FFA reduction. A higher temperature resulted in a higher FFA reduction. The optimum factors achieved are: oil to glycerol molar ratio of 1:1, a catalyst loading of 2%, a time of 5.58 minutes and a reaction temperature of 120°C resulting in a 91.81% FFA reduction

Hydrogen production from bio-oil steam reforming plays an important role in the development of renewable hydrogen from biomass to produce the cleanest fuel. However, the existence of coke and low carbon conversion are problems that have been found in some studies. The purpose of this study was to reduce coke formation and to enhance carbon conversion by using core shell nanoparticle catalysts that could increase of surface area, support interaction and its catalytic activity for hydrogen production from bio-oil steam reforming of empty fruit bunch (EFB). Ni/CaO-γ-Al2O3@Ru core shells were prepared by CTAB/n-hexanol/n-hexane/water micro-emulsion system. The catalysts were characterized by means XRD, BET, FESEM-EDS and TEM. Bio-oil aqueous fraction was analyzed by using GC-MS. Carbon conversion and hydrogen yield by using Ni/CaO-γ-Al2O3@Ru core shell are resulted more 68.4 % and 18.6% than using Ni/CaO-γ-Al2O3 catalyst, respectively. The highest hydrogen yield by using Ni/CaO-γ-Al2O3@Ru core shell for steam reforming bio-oil is 5.6% in minute 10 with 0.07 g of coke deposit. The study concludes that the effect of Ni/CaO-γ-Al2O3@Ru core shell is more efficient in hydrogen production, carbon conversion and coke deposit compared to Ni/CaO-γ-Al2O3 catalyst

Biosynthesis and silver nanoparticles formation during the reduction of AgNO3were carried out by using an aqueous peel extract of banana kepok (Musa balbisiana) asa stabilizing agent. The formation of the stable silver nanoparticles with differentconcentration of AgNO3 has resulted in mostly spherical particles. The Ultraviolet-Visiblespectrophotometer, Transmission Electron Microscopy, X-Ray Diffractometer were usedto characterize these biosynthesized silver nanoparticles. The spherical shapednanoparticles were uniformly distributed with the range diameter of 5 to 50 nm and theparticles were naturally crystallized with the crystal structure of the face-centered cubicgeometry. Additionally, the kinetics of the formation process of silver nanoparticles wasobserved by the UV-Vis spectrophotometer. Based on the kinetic functions, the reductionprocess of banana peel extract had a constant formation rate of the autocatalytic processat 4.35 x 10-4/s.

In this investigation, municipal sewage sludge was used as a lipid feedstock. Two stage extraction processes was developed to obtain good yield of lipid content. The maximum lipid yields 32.5% was achieved from chloroform: methanol solvents through optimum conditions of 2:1 ratio, 50oC temp for 30 min. The lipid content was characterized by TLC analysis. The lipid properties were analyzed and proved as a lipid. Hence, municipal sewage sludge serves as a valuable raw material for lipid production

Azo dyes are synthetic organic dyes which have azo group (-N=N-) as chromophore. Waste of azo dyes have not been able to overcome completely so that requires solutions of natural dye. Raw material of natural dye can be obtained from Swietenia mahagoni. Natural dye can be extracted by ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) method. The pupose of this research is to study the factor that influence UAE. Observed factor is influence of extraction temperature to the yield of natural dye. This research was conducted using ratio of material to solvent of 0.05 g/L with extraction time at 40 minute. Extraction temperature was observed at 30, 40, and 50oC. Ultrasonic wave that used for this research at 40 kHz. The result is increasing temperature will be allow the increasing trend of yield. The result indicate that there is about 9.2748% improvement in the yield of extract due to increasing extraction temperature from 30oC to 50oC

In this study, the effect of pyridine as a basic nitrogen compound on HDS activity of DBT and 4,6 DMDBT in treated diesel over modified CoMo/Al2O3 by citric acid has been investigated. It has been obviously found that the modification of CoMo/Al2O3 catalyst by citric acid can inhibit the influence of pyridine on HDS activity of DBT and 4,6 DMDBT. This can be explained that when citric acid was applied in the catalyst preparation, the increasing of total amount of acid sites and the enhancement of HDN activity play an important role in the tolerance of pyridine.