Recently the COVID-19 pandemic, which was driven by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has presented humanity with significant health and financial challenges globally. Because a successful medication for the treatment of COVID-19 has not yet been discovered, the quest for medications to treat the disease has continued up until the present time. In today's world, a growing number of people are turning to the healing properties of medicinal plants rather than turning to man-made pharmaceuticals. These natural remedies have less negative side effects than their synthetic counterparts. Thus, the purpose of the study was to assess the antiviral activity of bioactive compounds derived from diverse medicinal plants against Sars-CoV2 by focusing on multiple critical biomarkers, including as 3CLpro, PLpro, and RdRp. The search for potential drug candidates was conducted through in silico approaches. On the basis of Lipinski's rule of five, a drug-likeness screen was conducted on active compounds. Prior to the step of molecular docking, chemicals and protein targets are optimised. Several indicators, including binding affinity score, 3D and 2D visualisation of ligand position, chemical interaction, and amino acid residues, are used to visualise and analyse the results of molecular docking to assess their quality and potential as therapeutic candidates for protein targets. In this study, we demonstrated several bioactive compounds from Indonesian medicinal plants such as common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), black tea (Camelia sinensis), clove (Syzygium aromaticum), and black pepper (Piper ningrum) have great potency as antiviral drug candidate against SARS-CoV2 3CLpro, PLpro, and RdRp protein. Interestingly, we found eight compounds from top ten list that interacts to 3CLpro, PLpro, and RdRp protein at the same time and condition, including theaflavin-3.3′-digallate, ledene, eugeniin, kahweol, β-elemene, γ-elemene, β-selinene, and γ-selinene. Thus, this study provided the preliminary basis for drug devopment for COVID19 treatments.

The aim of this research is to create a simulation model for a gas station in Changlun, Kedah. This model is intended to identify bottlenecks and propose alternative solutions to enhance system performance and improve customer satisfaction. The study uses the discrete event simulation (DES) approach to develop and analyse the operational system of a specific gas station in Changlun. Performance metrics considered in this model include average and maximum queue waiting times, average and maximum total system times, average and maximum queue lengths, and utilisation rates. The simulation model is developed using Arena software, and the resulting data is analysed. Based on the findings, three potential solutions are proposed: designating pumps exclusively for motorcycles, expanding parking space, and combining both approaches.

The concurrent detection of tramadol hydrochloride and diclofenac sodium in their mixed dosage form as tablet was developed and validated using a simple, accurate, inexpensive, and precise RP-HPLC approach with a UV-Visible detector. Enable C18 G analytical column (250 x 4.6 mm, i.d., 5 μm) was used for the separation. The mobile phase was made of a mixture of 80 volumes of acetonitrile and 20 volumes of 1 % v/v glacial acetic acid. Isocratic elution was utilised at a flow rate of 1 mL/min during the chromatographic process. Tramadol hydrochloride and diclofenac sodium were identified at UV detector wavelength of 264 nm and established linear calibration curves with concentration ranges of 20–100 μg/ml and 15–75 μg/ml, respectively. Tramadol hydrochloride had recoveries of 99.62–99.86% and diclofenac sodium had a recoveries of 99.48-100.22%. The approach was validated in the context of the International Conference of Harmonisation's requirements for accuracy, precision, specificity, robustness, limits of detection and quantification. The precision studies for both drugs were found to be < 2% (%RSD). The limits of detection for tramadol hydrochloride and diclofenac sodium were found to be 0.12 μg/ml and 0.07 μg/ml, respectively. The limits of quantification for tramadol hydrochloride and diclofenac sodium were found to be 0.45 μg/ml and 0.21 μg/ml, respectively. Both tramadol hydrochloride and diclofenac sodium, two commercial pharmaceutical drugs, were effectively analysed using high-performance liquid chromatography using the described approach.

Process mining empowers companies to optimise operational processes by deriving insights from event logs. It involves assessing event logs or the resultant process models against existing models and identifying challenges within executed processes to enhance their efficiency. However, a critical prerequisite for effective process mining is data cleaning, which simplifies the complexities inherent in real-world event data, making it amenable to comprehension, processing, and leveraging with process mining techniques. Consequently, new methodologies and approaches for event data pre-processing have garnered significant attention within the business process scientific community. This paper presents a systematic literature review summarising relevant techniques for event data pre-processing in the context of business process mining. The objective of this study is to categorise approaches and methodologies related to event data pre-processing while shedding light on the crucial issues associated with these techniques.

In contemporary times, the utilisation of social networks entails inherent risks, particularly on platforms such as Instagram, Twitter, and TikTok, which facilitate anonymous usage and the creation of fictitious profiles. The cloak of anonymity has fostered an ideal environment for cyberbullying, a form of harassment that unfolds in the virtual realm accessed by children and youth through information and communication technologies like the Internet and cell phones. Cyberbullying is pervasive across numerous countries globally. Consequently, a multitude of studies have delved into diverse solutions aimed at preventing cyberbullying, including various approaches and techniques for identifying and detecting it through the analysis of text language. This systematic review seeks to encompass these scientific studies that primarily focus on the classification of cyberbullying based on the language employed in online communication.

Numerous agricultural sectors rely on chemical fertiliser to accelerate crop development, as demand continues to expand each year. Synthetic fertilisers may leak into groundwater, increasing its toxicity and resulting in water contamination. Alternatives such as washed rice water may be utilised to mitigate the environmental impact of chemicals. This research aims to assess the effects of washed rice water on the growth rate of Ipomoea aquatica. Three types of rice water were used in this study: washed white rice water, washed brown rice water, and washed sticky rice water. Two of the rice water served as the control and each was treated with distilled water and NPK fertiliser. Significant values were determined using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and post-hoc tests for multiple comparisons. Resultantly, washed white rice water demonstrated the most significant effect in increasing the growth of the plant height, length of root, number of leaves, circumference of the stem and suitability of soil pH. Alternative methods such as washed white rice water could be employed to reduce the cost of agricultural operations to protect the environment from further degradation.

Lignocellulosic biomass such as pineapple leaves can be applied as substrates in various biochemical processes such as solid-state fermentation to produce industrially important enzymes or other value-added products. However, recalcitrant nature of the biomass hinders the accessibility of cellulose for enzymatic hydrolysis in yielding high amounts of the intended products. In order to overcome this obstacle, pre-treatment is necessary as to loosen the lignocellulose structure to ease accessibility of enzymes and biodegradability of the biomass. In this study, local pineapple leaves were subjected to different methods of pre-treatments which are thermal pre-treatment by autoclaving, and chemical pre-treatments involving treatments with alkaline solutions (1% and 1.5% (w/v) sodium hydroxide) as well as acid solutions (1% and 1.5% (v/v) hydrochloric acid). Scanning Electron Microscopy was conducted to compare and study the effect of different pre-treatments on morphological changes of raw and pre-treated leaves. The obtained results revealed that the biomass was severely affected by 1.5% (v/v) hydrochloric acid solution as the surface structure was vigorously ruptured and more aggregated cracks were clearly visible in most parts, compared to the surface morphologies observed on raw samples and samples with other pre-treatment methods.

Hydroxyapatite (HA) coated metallic substrates are commonly used for load-bearing orthopedic implants. In the present work Titanium grade 2 and Titanium grade 5 substrates were coated with hydroxyapatite and hydroxyapatite reinforced with 5% (by wt.) multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MCNT) separately using plasma spray coating. The wear behavior of these coated substrates was studied with the simulated body fluid (SBF) having a pH between 7.20 to 7.40. Fracture toughness and wear resistance of HA reinforced with 5 % (by wt.) MCNT composite coating was found to be higher as compared to pure HA coating. This improvement is by virtue of inherent mechanical properties and the crack bridging effect offered by MCNT. The addition of MCNT also helped in restricting crack propagation in the coatings. As evident from SEM images, abrasive and adhesive wear mechanism were observed which reduces greatly with reinforcement of MCNT.

This systematic literature review aims to identify and analyse the role of fashion involvement in the context of apparel consumption. Fashion involvement represents the degree to which individuals are engaged and interested in fashion-related activities. Its impact on consumer behaviour within the apparel industry is of paramount importance. The review encompasses a comprehensive analysis of existing scholarly articles, journals, and publications to synthesise key findings and insights. By conducting a systematic literature review based on the Scopus database, 72 studies were found and reviewed after filtering and screening. It is found that the main antecedents of fashion involvement are personal values and personal traits, and the main consequences of fashion involvement include intention, attitudes, perceptions, satisfaction and word-of-mouth (WOM). The findings of this literature review contribute to a deeper understanding of the multifaceted role that fashion involvement plays in shaping consumers' choices within the apparel sector. The implications of these findings extend to marketers, policymakers, and researchers who seek to comprehend and leverage the dynamics of fashion involvement for effective strategies in the ever-evolving realm of apparel consumption.

The study aimed to determine the quality of bittern lotion. Furthermore, this research aimed to determine the potential of bittern lotions as anti-inflammatory tests on the skin of Swiss Strain Mice using histological analysis. The bittern sample used was obtained from a salt pond in Kedung Mutih, Demak District, Central Java Province, Indonesia. The research was conducted by making lotion bittern in the concentrations of 20 percent, 35 %, and 50 %, followed by testing lotion bittern. The data were then analysed by One-Way ANOVA, LSD test, and Independent Samples T-test. Results showed that the three bittern lotions have potential as an anti-inflammatory, with the best results being 35% bittern lotion with an inflammatory inhibition (PI) level of 29.37%. However, based on histological analysis of the number of inflammatory cells (skin tissue), there was a significant difference (P<0.05). Thus, it can be concluded that bittern lotion has the potential as an anti-inflammatory lotion.