This article examines the factors influencing access to residential land among men and women in Ogun State border communities, Nigeria. A multi-stage sampling technique was employed to select 411 male and female homeowners. Copies of the questionnaire were administered to 362 respondents (196 males and 166 females), representing 54% male and 46% female homeowners. Frequency distribution, percentages, factor analysis, binary probit regression, and correlation analysis were utilized to analyze the data collected from male and female homeowners. The study reveals that the proportion of female respondents with insecure access is higher than that of their male counterparts. This indicates that women are more land-insecure compared to men. The study shows that affordability, land availability, procedural issues, security of tenure, and personal factors were found to influence men’s access to residential land, while affordability, land availability, security of tenure, personal, and procedural issues were the factors among women. The use of binary probit regression analysis indicates that lower levels of affordability, limited land availability, and weaker socioeconomic status tend to reduce men’s likelihood of access to residential land, while improvements in tenure security and procedural conditions often increase their probability of land access. In contrast, limited land availability and bureaucratic barriers tend to reduce women’s likelihood of access, while an increase in financial capacity, tenure security, and stronger socioeconomic status enhances their access to residential land. Findings from the correlation analysis demonstrate that access-related land factors of male homeowners are positively influenced by socio-economic variables, while female homeowners experience predominantly negative associations, particularly with marital status, household size, and income. The study concluded that access to residential land is influenced by different factors, and these factors significantly influence the level of access among men and women.

This article explores the challenges and opportunities of cross-border labour mobility within the European Union. It aims to systematically assess the key drivers and barriers to cross-border labour mobility and develop evidence-based practical recommendations for improving European Union labour mobility policies. Rapid changes in the labour market due to the COVID-19 pandemic have prompted the adoption of new forms of work organisation, such as remote work and flexible schedules. These changes have created new opportunities to enhance worker mobility, but also present challenges related to coordinating work across different time zones and cultural environments, and ensuring equal working conditions. We analyse the impacts of these challenges on the effectiveness and accessibility of labour mobility within the European Union. This analysis then allows us to formulate practical recommendations for improving the European Union labour mobility policy.

Climate change directly or indirectly impacts the global atmosphere composition, which poses major environmental concern. The implications of climate change show noticeable change in rainfall patterns and onset worldwide. Prior knowledge of information of rainfall data is vital for many applications. In the present study, the onset, withdrawal, and duration of monsoon period have been studied for Purulia and Ranibandh locations in the Kangsabati river basin area for the period 2015 to 2022. The observed data were analysed and compared with the model data of CMIP6 GCM’s for 4 scenarios. Statistical parameters such as probability density function (PDF), Cumulative Distribution Function (CDF), Coefficient of determination (R2), and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) were employed to evaluate the precision of matching between observed and modelled rainfall data. For onset, withdrawal, and duration of monsoon period, under 4 scenarios of Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs), highest R2 values range between 0.46 and 0.75 for CanESM5, EC-Earth3-veg and ACCESS-CM2 for Purulia and Ranibandh locations. For the duration of monsoon period between onset and withdrawal, R2 value of 0.54 and 0.46 has been observed for CanESM5-SSP370 and ACCESS_CM2-SSP126 for Purulia and Ranibandh respectively. On the other hand, for Purulia and Ranibandh, the lowest RMSE values has been observed for the model CanESM5, EC-Earth3-veg and ACCESS-CM2 for onset, withdrawal and monsoon period. The study identifies CanESM5, EC-Earth3-veg, and ACCESS-CM2 as the top-performing CMIP6 GCM models for accurately simulating monsoon dynamics onset, withdrawal, and monsoon length – in the Kangsabati basin, specifically in Purulia and Ranibandh locations. With these best performing models on projecting the precipitation for 2023 to 2100 for Purulia and 2022 to 2100 for Ranibandh, a very negligible shift has been observed in the onset and withdrawal periods. Overall, this study contributes to our understanding of rainfall patterns and monsoon dynamics, offering valuable insights for both climate modelling and water resource management in the region.

Earth-surface processes research is increasingly using the SfM-MVS (Structure from Motion and Multiple-View Stereophotogrammetry) method to model land surface change over time at a very fine-scale. However, the role of topographic change on the error calculated from “stable and fixed” Ground Control Points is under-documented and as far as the authors are aware, it has not been evaluated as yet. Therefore, the present study is an analysis of the variability inherent to the SfM-MVS method used for 3D terrain modeling, in a semi-controlled environment, comparing repeats of measurements, and repeats including topographic change in the laboratory scene, in order to assess the role of elevation change in the scene on the space that remains unchanged. The methodological framework involves varying the terrain morphology by adding 50 and 100 ml of sand to an originally horizontal sandbox, creating a mount in the centre. Then, the authors compared the different experimental surfaces and their repeats acquired by SfM-MVS, and using Gaussian Kernel Density Estimation (KDE). Results demonstrated that under stable and uniform flat surface conditions, the SfM method yields relatively consistent results (standard deviation variety less than 0.027 mm). However, when the experiments included the 50 ml and 100 ml mount of sand, the variability between repeats increased, even for location where no topographic change had occurred. The authors argue that the topographic variability is spreading the error, increasing it compared to the flat experiment. By extension, this consideration is essential, especially for research investigating topographic change such as landslide and other erosion and deposition processes, because the error propagation varies with the surface change, and relating erosion/deposition to topographic change needs to be done carefully.

Historic maps provide evidence of landscape development, including the shape of watercourses in the past. Aretin’s map of the Bohemian Kingdom (contemporary Czechia) from 1619 is Bohemia’s third-oldest map. In this analysis of Aretin’s map, we aimed to create an overview of watercourses at the beginning of the 17th century. We used MapAnalyst software to perform cartometric analyses and plotted watercourses on a contemporary map. Special interest was given to watercourses outside of the Bohemian Kingdom, which have not been included in previous analyses of the map. Content, semiotic, and cartometric analyses focusing on watercourses and on changes in the depiction of rivers over the four editions of Aretin’s map were performed to identify and label the previously unnamed rivers.

Gravel and sandy bars constitute critical components of river channel morphology, yet their morphodynamics in large, heavily regulated rivers during periods without significant flows remain poorly understood. This study investigates changes in surface heterogeneity and sediment sizes through a two-year field monitoring program, focusing on the frontal, central, and distal sections of four bars along the Elbe River in Czechia. Despite the absence of high-flow events reaching at least a one-year recurrence interval, observable changes in surface heterogeneity and sediment sizes were noted across all bars. However, the changes did not follow a uniform pattern; individual bars and their sections exhibited varying degrees of surface sediment coarsening or fining, alongside increases or decreases in surface heterogeneity. These findings highlight the necessity for site-specific management strategies for individual bars within such human-impacted rivers, recognizing their value as ecological hotspots. Furthermore, the methodology presented in this study may serve as a blueprint for the cost-effective monitoring of bar dynamics in channelized river sections.

This article aims to identify potential sites for agricultural use in the state of Manipur of north east India by employing the analytic hierarchy process in a geographic information system environment in conjunction with the use of remote sensing and soil data. Within the analytic hierarchy process, each terrain variable underwent a pairwise comparison and criteria weights were assigned according to their relative importance. Eight variables were selected and used in land suitability analysis for agriculture. It was found that Manipur had 57% (12,660 km2) of its total geographical area suitable for agriculture. However, 8126 km2 (37%) and 1374 km2 (6%) of the total geographical area was currently and permanently unsuitable land respectively. The distribution of suitable land varied greatly, with highly, moderately and marginally suitable land covering only 8%, 16% and 33% respectively of the total geographical area. The highly suitable agricultural land is predominantly concentrated in the Imphal valley (70%), though 90% of moderately suitable and 96% of marginally suitable land also exist in the hills. The hilly areas constitute 96% and 97% respectively of currently unsuitable and permanently unsuitable land in the state. Suitable land comprises of land with low to medium altitude, gentle to moderate slopes, soil of fine or acceptable quality, and with minimal flood risk. Unsuitable lands tend to be diametrically opposite to these attributes with steep hill slopes. The nature of distribution of land suitability types influences the agricultural pattern in Manipur. Agriculture in the hill areas comprises mainly of shifting cultivation on hill slopes, whereas in the valley region it is irrigated and permanent. This analysis of Manipur has a wider applicability since the shifting cultivation-irrigated agriculture combination is similar to that which exists across much of the highlands of South East Asia.

This article analyses the patterns of inter-state migration (both inward and outward migration within the country) in India’s northeast states of Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland and Tripura. While most of the previous studies of population migration in India were related to international migration, this article focuses on the analysis of trends and spatial variation of inter-state inward and outward migration and associated rural-urban and male-female differentials in the region. The analysis is primarily based on the Census of India data for 2001 and 2011, because the 2021 Census has not been yet conducted in the country.

Tehran is one of the most polluted cities in the world with 48 days of air pollution exceeding the admissible threshold (AQI > 150) for 3 months of the 15 years studied. This period coincides with the time when Tehran’s inversion reaches its maximum stability. The purpose of this study was to determine the height of air pollution in Tehran in the days when pollution exceeds the permissible limit. Continuing to study the pressure and temperature conditions of these days, we then considered the geographical and topographic conditions, and finally identified the best of these cells for potential theoretical air turbulence. The results of this study, based on the Harmonic Analysis method and based on Tehran temperature and pressure data over a 15-year period (2003–2017), show that the highest elevation of Tehran inversion does not exceed 1800 m on polluted days. Only within 6 days of those beyond the admissible threshold, temperature and pressure cells with the highest Newtonian mass are formed. The center of these cells formed with a compressive difference of 32 mg in November, 7 mg in January, 11 mg in December, and temperature difference of 1.1° in November, 4.4° in January, and 1.9° in December. Generally, we considered the formed cells by the temperature and pressure difference and the gradient between them, as well as the difference in height between the cells and their location. This information, combined with the local winds causing the differences in temperature and pressure, allows us to elucidate conditions for creating air turbulence in Tehran and mitigating the amount and degree of air pollution.

This paper examines different forms of leadership in strategic planning in structurally affected regions of Czechia. Based on the leadership concepts and strategic planning in municipalities, evaluates different leadership approaches according to the population size of municipalities and the stability/continuity of municipal representatives. Four types of leaders were identified, with entrepreneurial leadership being the most important in all examined regions. The dependence of the types of leadership on the stability/ continuity of government in strategic planning was revealed, while, the dependence on the population size of municipalities was no. The importance of entrepreneurial leadership increases with the increasing number of electoral cycles elected leaders remain in office.