The article explores the transformational processes in the economies of the European Union in the context of new geostrategic realities caused by global challenges, the disruption of traditional logistics chains, and increasing dependence on external resources. Special attention is given to the consequences of prolonged deindustrialization and offshoring, during which a significant share of industrial production was relocated outside Europe, primarily to countries with lower production costs, including former colonies. The paper highlights a new perspective on this trend — the concept of recolonization, which refers to the growing economic and industrial dependence of developed countries on regions they once dominated. In the face of disrupted supply chains and mounting global instability, European countries are increasingly recognizing the need for reindustrialization, greater self-sufficiency, and diversification of supply sources. However, the process of reshoring industrial production within the EU is constrained by several factors, including limited resources, strict environmental regulations, labor shortages, and evolving societal values. In this context, the author proposes nearshoring as an alternative strategy — relocating production to neighboring countries that are geographically, economically, and politically close to the EU. The study pays particular attention to Ukraine’s potential as a promising platform for nearshoring investment. The author argues that Ukraine possesses a range of competitive advantages compared to other Eastern European countries, especially in the context of post-war reconstruction and integration into the European industrial space. Nonetheless, the realization of this potential is contingent on the stabilization of the country and the cessation of military conflict. The article emphasizes that EU support for Ukraine is not only crucial for restoring peace and international law, but also instrumental in resolving a number of economic and security issues within the European Union itself.

It has been proven that the development of information and communication services enterprises is of strategic importance for the complementary growth of all sectors of the Ukrainian economy and serves as a platform for boosting and advancing proactive business segments overall. The fundamental methods for modeling business process flows using mathematical and analytical tools, specifically a system of differential equations with defined initial conditions, have been substantiated, enabling the integral assessment of enterprise business process modeling. A capsulated approach to the digitalization of business processes and a comparative analysis of a broad range of financial and economic indicators for comprehensive diagnostics of integrative enterprise development effectiveness were applied, allowing for the determination of a probable development scenario for enterprises in the future. The key flows of enterprise business processes have been identified: material, innovative- intellectual, information-marketing, and financial. The dependence of management efficiency and the achievement of positive outcomes on the synchronization of these flows has been revealed, taking into account possible temporary variations in the investment dynamics of each flow. The mathematical model for calculating profitability was tested using data from the information and communication companies PJSC «Kyivstar», PJSC «Vodafone», and LLC «Lifecell». This approach enabled the identification of the most influential streams by year and revealed patterns of leadership changes based on the impact of external environmental factors and internal organizational conditions. The dependence of achieving positive results on the configuration of financial, material, innovative and intellectual, and information and marketing flows has been identified. This analysis allowed for the proposal of management vectors for managing the integrative development of information and communication services enterprises: passive, focused, sustainable and proactive integrative development.

The article analyzes the origins of the modern paradigm of central-bank independence both in historical retrospect and from the perspective of the implementation of certain monetary policy rules. The question of central bank independence is one of the main issues in analyzing the foundations of the organization and functioning of these institutions. However, when considering this issue retrospectively, it is impossible not to notice the close connection between central banks’ compliance with monetary policy rules and their actual independence. That is why the research of central-bank independence through the prism of compliance with monetary policy rules is particularly relevant today, especially given the increased discretion in making monetary decisions after the financial crisis of 2008. The authors illustrate that the implementation of monetary policy rules was not a situational or random process. This process was a reaction to the failure of the macroeconomic policy of the 1960s and 1970s, which focused on the Phillips curve as a model for ensuring a low level of unemployment at the expense of high inflation. At the same time, the central bank played a secondary role in the process of macroeconomic stabilization, and its independence was subordinated to the goal of ensuring a stable low level of unemployment. The practice of implementing monetary policy rules (M. Friedman’s rule, J. Taylor’s rule) shows that central banks did not strictly adhere to these prescriptions. Despite this, the authors prove that monetary policy rules, in comparison with the discretionary decisions of central banks, historically give better results in combating high inflation and its volatility. The studied examples of monetary targeting in Germany and Switzerland from the 1970s to the 1990s illustrate the use of monetary policy rules not as a rigid frame, but as a reference point for fixing inflationary expectations of economic agents. At the same time, there is consensus in the scientific literature that the relatively smooth overcoming of exogenous shocks (oil crises, German reunification) in these countries occurred precisely because of the implementation of monetary policy rules. In turn, J. Taylor, whose rule served as a guideline for establishing the optimal interest rate to combat high inflation and ensure economic growth, pointed out that the deviation of central banks from rule-like behavior led to the crisis of 2008, and emphasized the need to return to using monetary rules for macroeconomic stabilization. As a result, the authors concluded that the introduction of monetary policy rules contributed to the elimination of discretion in decision-making and the limitation of political influence on monetary policy. In this case, the effectiveness of monetary policy is not merely linked to the legal consolidation of central-bank independence, but depends on the implementation of monetary policy rules, which form the foundation for the actual independence of monetary institutions.

Digitalization of the economy is critically important in the era of global changes in the modern world. Like previous technological transformations, the digitalization of the economy is associated with a number of significant changes. The digital transformation of modern society has a profound impact on traditional human capital, as the active adoption of digitalization leads to the intellectualization of labor. In the context of a digitized economy, human capita – its development and level – becomes a key driver of economic growth and national prosperity. Currently, the primary goals of societal development are to ensure economic growth and improve quality of life. These objectives can be achieved through the establishment of a new economic model that fosters the digitalization of the economy. Achieving an economic and technological breakthrough is impossible without addressing the challenge of enhancing the development of human capital. Relevance of the topic. Today, countries around the world are experiencing changes marked by significant risks and opportunities, which are becoming more apparent across all areas of society. New technologies and innovative products are spreading rapidly, and existing business processes and economic models are being refined. The accelerated optimization and modernization of economic structures, along with the expanded use of innovations and the digitalization of the economy, are significantly transforming the quality of human capital. Digitalization has a profound impact on all socio-economic processes, including the development of human capital. Therefore, it is particularly important to examine the role of human capital in the context of a digitized economy, highlighting the relevance of this topic. The purpose of the article. The purpose of this study is to justify the necessity of digitalizing the economy and to assess the role of human capital in this context. To examine the role of human capital within the digitalization of the economy, it is essential to explain its essence, importance, key characteristics, and constituent elements. Additionally, the study aims to explore various aspects of the digital transformation of modern society that influence changes in human capital, while evaluating the role of the knowledge economy and ICT – key components that drive the acceleration of economic digitalization. Considering the role of human capital in this process, one of the primary objectives is to offer recommendations for its development. Research methods. Generalization, grouping, factor analysis, graph analysis, comparative analysis, development dynamics, and economic-statistical methods were the primary research approaches used in the preparation of this article. Scientific innovation. Some pros and cons of the digitalization of the economy were reviewed, with the conclusion that the benefits outweigh the drawbacks. The primary factor for the success of the digitization process is having a sufficient number of highly qualified personnel in relevant positions, along with a system for training specialists with the necessary skills to develop and effectively apply innovative and digital technologies. The key factors influencing the development of human capital – such as the population’s education level, digital literacy, and culture – were also emphasized. Above all, the importance of investing in human capital was highlighted as crucial for achieving these objectives.

The article is devoted to solving the problem of developing Ukrainian business projects in the Polish market. The article analyzes scientific methods that incorporate both qualitative and quantitative principles. These methods include quantitative methodology (positivist), based on quantitative research; qualitative methodology (interpretive), focused on qualitative research; and mixed methodology, which combines both approaches. It is demonstrated that, among the examined methods, interviews are the most commonly used data collection format by the authors. The selection of experts for the interviews was based on an analysis of the consulting services market, specifically firms that assist Ukrainian entrepreneurs in Poland. Through the experts’ insights, typical characteristics of Ukrainian entrepreneurs entering the Polish market were identified: 1. Self-confidence; 2. Non-perception/ misunderstanding of mental and cultural features on the Polish market; 3. “Allergy” to paying taxes; 4. Unwillingness to pay for consultations; 5. Unpreparedness for business analysis; 6. Unpreparedness for bureaucratization of processes; 7. Lack of a strategic vision of development; 8. Speed of doing business; 9. Orientation not on the client’s needs, but on one’s own experience or product; 10. The desire to earn a lot at once; 11. Resistance to current rules. Attempts to implement the rules of the game as in Ukraine. Also, the stages of launching new business projects in the Polish market were determined. The first stage – preparatory - often ignored by entrepreneurs and includes studying the market, understanding relevant legislation, and conducting business analytics. The second stage – entering the market – involves formalizing the business idea, business processes, and business model. The third stage – adaptation – can last anywhere from less than a year to up to five years, depending on factors such as the team’s activity level, the business field, enterprise size, and the entrepreneur’s previous experience. During this stage, the business model is reformatted, and the company aims to reach the break-even point. The fourth stage – refining – focuses on business processes and managing the business itself, with an emphasis on meeting and achieving established performance indicators. At this point, Ukrainian businesses do not differ significantly from their Polish counterparts. The final key question addressed during the interviews was identifying the problems and needs that Ukrainian business projects face when entering the Polish market. As a result of the expert interview, a problem area was formed for Ukrainian business projects entering the Polish market: • lack of business analytics for successfully starting and running a business; • misunderstanding of internal market processes of the Polish market; • problems with financing; • lack of understanding of the legislation of Polish and European standards in general, peculiarities of taxation and accounting; • low efficiency and quality of conducting business processes; • mistrust of Ukrainian brands, the need to build a brand on the Polish market from “0”; • recruitment and work with personnel; • language problems. The recommendations include: conducting a thorough study of the local business climate, adapting business strategies to align with local market realities and actively seeking partnerships and support within the local business community.

The article examines the impact of Ukraine’s EU candidate status on the innovative component of business economic security. It emphasizes the importance of innovation for business and the role of the EU in promoting innovative practices. The article analyzes the current state of Ukraine’s economy and its readiness to implement EU standards and practices in the field of innovation under martial law. It also discusses the challenges, threats, and opportunities that Ukraine’s status as an EU candidate provides for businesses, particularly in terms of strengthening economic security through the integration of innovation. The article outlines Ukraine’s rankings based on indices of innovative capacity from 2015 to 2022. It presents the dynamics of funding for Ukraine’s scientific sector from both the general and special funds of the state budget between 2018 and 2022. It was found that, in 2022, the volume of expenses for financing the scientific sector increased both through the general fund (by 10.80% compared to 2021) and the special fund (by 41.55%). The article also explores innovative economies, categorizing countries by their level of income per capita according to World Bank data. It examines the introduction of innovative products in Ukraine during martial law, particularly through cooperation with international partners and companies such as USAID, Microsoft, Google.org, and Rakuten. Emphasis is placed on improving the legislative framework regulating Ukraine’s innovation potential, including the adoption of the draft Law “On Innovation Parks”. It is emphasized that, in order to address the challenges outlined in the Sustainable Development Goals, a new innovation policy framework is necessary. This framework could be supported by the adoption of the Strategy for the Development of the Innovation Ecosystem in Ukraine, which aims for transformational change. It will be based on a critical analysis of obstacles, challenges, and threats to the implementation of innovations by researchers and businesses in key areas for reconstruction, as well as gaps in the management of innovation policy. Finally, the article highlights the adoption of the Innovation Development Strategy until 2030, which is based on three key principles: first, the development of the Ukrainian innovation ecosystem, which includes creating conditions for the free emergence and circulation of ideas, and supporting research institutions, innovative start-ups, and technology companies; second, a multilateral state policy to support innovation, ranging from deregulation to national programs; and third, the stimulation of innovation and the development of technologies that address both current and future pressing issues.

The paper presents issues related to Genetically Modified Organisms, starting from characterization, through various examples of GM plants, and features that can be obtained through genetic engineering. It describes some of the opportunities and risks that may arise following the introduction of GMOs. Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are undoubtedly an opportunity for the development of mankind, but they may also prove to be a serious threat. Their introduction to the Polish market is related to meeting many requirements aimed at food safety and human health. Although so far no one has provided evidence that genetically modified food has a negative impact on human life, a special regime has been introduced in this respect.

According to the United Nations, 1.3 billion tonnes of food, one third of which would be edible, is being wasted worldwide. In Europe alone, around 89 million tonnes of food are being wasted. 178 kg of food is thrown out per inhabitant of the European Union every year. In Poland annually, according to reports of the Federation of Polish Food Banks, they waste about 235 kg of food per capita, which places Poland in 5th place in relation to food throwing away in Europe. Throughout the country, Poles waste 9 million tons of food. Food wastage is not only referred to as a phenomenal aspect, but also as an economic, social and energy aspect, as well as influencing the environmental aspect. At every stage of the food chain there is a responsibility for food waste, which is why it is necessary to take action to limit these losses.

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