Much scholarly attention has been afforded to canon law and the conversion of Livonia, but their overlap has not been commonly explored. With the conversion of Livonia, the region was subject to a new legal framework: canon law. Canon law was a universal law intended to be applied to the entirety of Christendom and all of its inhabitants. While it remains uncertain whether the crusaders and missionaries who reached Livonia had ever read works of canon law, the legal compendiums contained texts and principles that were widely circulated separately. Drawing on the chronicle of Henry of Livonia and a miracle story by Caesarius of Heisterbach, this article examines how canon law shaped a wide range of baptismal practices, including the concept of a single, universal baptism. Attention will be given to emergency baptism, and to the requirements for baptism to be valid more generally. The article also considers how apostasy was treated in canon law and its consequences to the neophytes who attempted to reject baptism. Ultimately, the article will show that the conversion of Livonia was not only a secular undertaking but was also profoundly influenced by ideas rooted in canon law.

We outline the benefits of computational modelling approaches for extracting and analysing data derived from inquisition records, while also highlighting some drawbacks of digital history methods and the dangers of their superficial application. Most crucially, we propose ways of integrating those methods with source criticism. If source-critical information feeds into the analysis itself as data, computational modelling can improve the precision of argumentation, make assumptions and limitations more transparent, and allow digital methods to enhance the discipline of history at its core, paving the way for a genuine ‘source criticism 2.0’.

Kokkuvõte. Kooliõpikud moodustasid sõdadevahelisel Eesti raamatuturul olulise osa. Õpikute väljaandmist reguleeris haridusministeeriumi kooli raamatute komisjon, mis korraldas retsenseerimise. Õpikute kirjastamine oli oluliseks tuluartikliks kirjastustele ja lisateenistuseks autoreile, kellest enamus töötas koolijuhtide või õpetajatena. 1930. aastatel oli kõigis kooli astmeis enim levinud KÜs Loodus ilmunud Johannes Adamsoni ajalooõpikud. Kümnendi vältel hakkasid neile konkurentsi pakkuma Eesti Kirjanduse Seltsi kirjastuse avaldatud õpikud, mille üheks peamiseks autoriks oli Jaan Konks. Ajalooõpikuile kirjutatud retsensioonidest avaneb huvitav pilt sellest, mida õpikute puhul hinnati, aga seegi, kuidas tajuti konkurentsiolukorda ning kas ja kui palju pöörati tähelepanu õpikute kasvatuslikule väärtusele.

Kokkuvõte. Artiklis kaardistatakse nelja Põhja-Eesti valla kohtulugude näitel vallarahva konflikte, selgitamaks, kes kellega, kui sageli ja mis asjus aastatel 1867-1891 kohtulaua ees käis, ning hindamaks, kuivõrd kohtulembene Eesti külainimene oli. Kohtulugude sagedusanalüüs ja võrgustikuanalüüs kinnitavad, et kohtusse pöörduti harva ja juhuslikult: sõltuvalt vallast hages üks isik keskmiselt vähem kui 1,5 korda ja kostis 1,4-1,9 korda. Võrgustike struktuurid on pigem hajusad: korduvate konfliktide lahendamise asemel tegelesid kohtud pigem üksikjuhtumite ning paljude erinevate hagejate-kostjate paaridega. Sagedaste hagejate seas paistsid silma karja-ja poolmõisate pidajad, kõrtsmikud, vallaametnikud, üks mõisnik ja mõned talumehed.

This afterword outlines the current state of research of self-determination and recognition in the Baltic region during the First World War and its aftermath. Examining the subtle transformations in the meaning of the concept of self-determination in this period reveals that a fundamental consensus emerged among the Allied and Associated Powers concerning the illegitimacy of territorial acquisition and annexations. However, there were also differences regarding theories of the state and understandings of federalism that informed their views on self-determination. Moreover, national independence was not seen by Baltic national leaders as a primary goal before the start of the First World War, until it came to be advocated by two warring Great Powers: Imperial Germany and Soviet Russia.

This article sheds light on the patterns of filling pastoral positions in the Latvian-language area of Livland province, i.e. the Vidzeme rural parishes. Above all, attention is given to the education background of the pastors who imparted biographical information in the published church archives and how their path to become a pastor progressed. Secondly, the problem of pastors’ self-image is examined. Thirdly, an attempt is made to find out whether the church materials deposited in the general framework of the Swedish Church Law of 1686 may reflect the intellectual impulses received by pastors from German universities. The focus is on whether the increased interest in the state of the physical environment, above all weather, as one of the manifestations of the enlightened worldview, is reflected in church chronicles.

The International Labour Organization (ILO) established in 1919 was active in the creation of legal norms for certain work standards and coordinated the cooperation of member states, so that these norms would be transformed into general standards that would be followed in all states and which would be a precondition for securing permanent social peace in the world. One of the basic tasks of the ILO was to protect the most vulnerable on the labour market – children, young people, and women by creating for them appropriate conditions of work. The article deals with the ILO international standards for the protection of these groups, the adoption of the international standards by Estonia, and the effect of these standards on Estonian legislation.

Artikkel vaatleb 21. sajandil peamiselt Eestis ja eesti ajaloolaste poolt 20. sajandi Eesti ajaloost kirjutatud üldkäsitlusi, monograafiaid, artikleid ja dokumendikogumikke, aga ka 20. sajandi ajaloo uurimiseks asutatud iseseisvate uurimisrühmade tegevust. Ülevaade on liigendatud kronoloogilis­temaatiliselt: 1905. aasta revolutsioon ja Esimene maailmasõda, riigiloomine ja Vabadussõda 1918–1920, sõdade­ vaheline Eesti Vabariik, omariikluse kaotamine ja Teine maailmasõda 1939–1945, Nõukogude aeg 1944–1991 ning iseseisvuse taastamine ja 20. sajandi lõpp.

The Memel Territory has exceptional history. It was the territory where the Baltic tribes lived. From the 13th century this territory gradually became a part of Prussia. After the First World War, according to the agreement between the British Empire, France, Italy, Japan and Lithuania, the sovereign rights to the Territory were transferred to the State of Lithuania. This action triggered a variety of issues. Disagreements arose in the area of justice. The article analyses the legal regulation of the organization of the judiciary of the Memel Territory from 1877 when the Law on the Courts Organization of the German Reich was adopted to 1939 when the Territory was occupied by Nazi Germany, and discusses the systems of both the general and specialized courts of the Territory. The main aim of the article is to fully identify the system of the courts of the Memel Territory. The article focuses mainly on the documents found in the Lithuanian Central State Archives (hereinafter – LCSA) and Gazette of the Memel Territory Government where the laws of the Chamber of Representatives of the Territory, the orders of the President of the Directorate, and the announcements of the territorial courts were published.

Artiklis on käsitletud peamiselt kirjalikele allikatele tuginedes kala ja kalapüügi tähtsust Eestis keskajal ning varauusaja algul. On antud ülevaade, milliseid kalu sel ajal hinnati ja eelistati ning kuidas neid toiduks tarvitati. Tänu hansakaubandusele kujunes kala tähtsaks kaubaartikliks keskaja Liivimaa nii sisse- kui ka väljaveos. Keskajal hõivas kala Eesti elanike majanduslikus tegevuses ja toidulaual iseäranis tähtsa koha. Isegi sedavõrd, et juurdepääs kalavarudele sai lausa asustuslooliselt oluliseks teguriks. Kristliku kiriku seatud paastunõue tekitas kala järele kunstlikult suure nõudluse. Kalasöömine muutus religioosselt põhjendatuks ja seeläbi lausa üldiseks kohustuseks. Kala oli nii keskajal kui ka hilisematel sajanditel liha aseaine, mis kujundas tugevalt rahva suhtumist temasse.