Oxidative stress is a process involved in many physiological and pathological situations. In recent years, many studies have only focused on the role of oxidative stress in physical exercise and professional sport, paying attention to how the redox state is differently balanced according to the type of sport and to the duration of the training. In fact, many studies have correlated high levels of oxidative stress with increased muscle injuries and early atherosclerosis in athletes. Alongside the study of pathophysiological processes linked to the oxidative stress in physical exercise, great interest has been aroused by antioxidant supplementation in athletes to increase the performance and reduce the risk of injury. Several studies have shown that different antioxidant molecules have different effects on athletes, depending on the sport and intensity of training. This review analyzes the role of oxidative stress in physical exercise and tries to characterize how antioxidants can be useful or harmful in athletes

Objective: During the COVID-19 pandemie period, weight control became an important health issue because of physical inactivity. Developing a valid and convenient tool to estimate energy consumption is a pressing task. Methods: This research investigates the invention patent method of rhythm speech test, introduces the smartphone sport supported fat & glucose calculator (SSFGC) program, applies it to estimation of fat and sugar consumption in endurance exercise of bicycle, and compares it with the results measured by gas analysis indirect calorimetry. The research recruited 12 males (age: 31.8±3.2 yrs, height: 171.6 ± 7.9 cm, weight: 71.2 ± 5.0 kg, peak oxygen uptake: 46.2 ± 5. 6 mL/min/kg, maximum power: 240 ± 50 watts, 15 watts/min progressive exercise load exhaustion time: 982 ± 197 sec and RER: 1.1 ± 0.1). Before the research, the research objects must be measured for peak oxygen uptake and basic physiological data. Participants must follow the SSFGC method of use during the 1 hour' s endurance exercise (30% V• O2peak -80% V• O2peak). The data derived from each analysis are expressed as mean ± standard deviation. The significance is set to p ≦.05. Results: According to SSFGC and gas analysis indirect calorimetry, estimated consumption of sugar (r =. 994, p <. 05) and fat (30% V• O2peak to 50% V• O2peak: r=.888, p <. 05;60% V• O2peak to 80% V• O2peak r=.817, p <. 05) exhibited high positive correlation between the two. Conclusion: The invention patent method of rhythm speech test, by importing SSFGC calorimeter program, can estimate the energy consumption of fat and sugar in stable endurance exercise, and provide the theoretical basis/or further application in the future. © 2021 A. CARBONE Editore. All rights reserved.

Introduction: Immunocompromised patients, SARS-CoV-2 infection might have a more severe course and may cause pneumonia quicker, compared to normal hosts. The presence of comorbid diseases increases this risk even further. In our study, we aimed to determine the clinical course and severity of COVID-19 in immunocompromised patients. Materials and method: Our study was carried out between 01 April 2020 and 01 October 2020 in 4 centers as a retrospective case-control study. Firstly, COVID-19 positive patients with previous immunosuppressive disorder diagnosis or patients who use immunosuppressive medicines for any reason were enrolled in the case group. COVID-19 rtRT-PCR positive patients who have no previous immunosuppressive disorder diagnosis and who are not on any immunosuppressive medicines were enrolled in the control group. Definitive statistical analysis was conducted for all of the researched variables. Results: 156 immunocompromised patients with COVID-19 diagnosis were enrolled in the case group of patients and 312 non-immunocompromised patients with COVID-19 diagnosis were enrolled in the control groups. In immunocompromised patients, CMI scores, the prevalence of hypertension, respiratory rate/minute, shortness of breath, and weakness were high and complaints about fever were low. In these patients, CRP, D-dimer, ferritin, and troponin values were high at statistically significant levels and lymphocyte values were low. The need for intensive care for immunocompromised patients was 2.93 times more and nosocomial infections and thrombotic complications occurred more frequently. Mortality was 3.57 times higher in immunocompromised patients. Conclusion: SARS-CoV-2 has a more severe course in immunocompromised patients. However, when evaluating these patients, whether or not the underlying diseases are under control should be evaluated and thrombotic complications and nosocomial infections should be taken into account. © 2021 A. CARBONE Editore. All rights reserved.

Background/aim: Our aim is to investigate the relationship of psychogenic erectile dysfunction(pED) that develops during the new coronavirus disease(COVID-19) pandemic with coronavirus anxiety using the Coronavirus Anxiety Scale(CAS) and the International Index of Erectile Function-5(IIEF-5) questionnaire. Materials and methods: This study was conducted in Elazig Fethi sekin city hospital during January 2021 to March 2021. Medical history of male patients who were admitted to urology outpatient clinics were taken and physical examinations were performed. Morning serum fasting glucose, total testosterone and prolactine levels were measured. IIEF-5 questionnaire was filled by the patients. Two groups were formed as pED and control group. Both groups filled the CAS questionnaire and the results were compared statistically. Results: IIEF-5 scores were 15.86±7.53 and 24.26±0.82 in the pED group and the control group, respectively. The CAS scores were 7.53±2.02 and 0.40±0.62 in the pED group and in the control group, respectively. There was a significant difference between these findings. There was a significant negative correlation between IEF-5 scores and CAS scores. (p*=0.00) IIEF-5 scores were significantly lower in the pED group compared to the control group. (p*=0.00) CAS scores were significantly higher in the pED group compared to the control group. (p*=0.00) While there was a statistically significant difference between moderate pED and mild moderate pED in terms of CAS scores (p*=0.02, p*=0.00), there was no statistically significant difference between mild moderate pED and mild pED. (p=0.27). Conclusion: In addition to high contagiousness and mortality rates, COVID-19 causes economic burden and financial losses, leading to negative individual and global psychosocial impact and increased anxiety. Since anxiety is one of the etiological causes of pED, pED encountered during the COVID-19 pandemic is also associated with coronavirus anxiety. Psychiatric support for coronavirus anxiety should be added to pED treatment. © 2021 A. CARBONE Editore. All rights reserved.

Objective: This study was designed to analyze the characteristics of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic in seven clusters in the city of Chenzhou, China, to act as a reference for the prevention and control of the COVID-19 epidemic. Methods: The data of confirmed COVID-19 cases reported between January 23 and February 24, 2020, were obtained from the Chenzhou infectious disease surveillance system. In line with the diagnostic criteria of the Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia Diagnosis and Treatment Plan (Sixth Edition, Trial Implementation), 33 patients in seven clusters were selected as the research subjects, and epidemiological data were collected for descriptive analysis. Results: Between January 23 and February 24, 2020, 46 patients with COVID-19 were diagnosed in the city of Chenzhou, comprising 24 male patients and 22 female patients. The age of these patients ranged from seven months to 72 years old. The average age was 35.88 ± 17.98 and included 13 individual patients and 33 patients in seven clusters. Six clusters were exposed to the virus in Wuhan (the Wuhan group), and the other cluster was exposed to it in Shenzhen (the Shenzhen group). In the Wuhan group, the disease was spread in clusters of one family. The incubation period was 1-9 days, and the average length of hospital stay was 13.25 ± 2.67 days. Only close contacts were infected. In the Shenzhen group, three different families were infected in the same cluster. The incubation period was 11-14 days, the time of positive-to-negative conversion in the nucleic acid test was longer, and the average hospitalization time was 17.33 ± 5.87 days. Contacts who were not in close contact were infected. Conclusion: Patients are infectious in the incubation period, and asymptomatic patients are also infectious. The infectivity of the Shenzhen group was stronger than that of the Wuhan group. In the Shenzhen group, the time of positive-to-negative conversion of COVID-19 nucleic acid was longer, and the length of hospital stay was longer.

Executive functions (EFs) are cognitive processes that allow the development of intentional behaviors e requiring the ability to formulate goals and objectives, capacity for initiative, to anticipate the consequences of actions, to organize behavior and monitor it and adapt it based on the context. Patients with EFs deficiencies exhibit specific disorders of planning, regulation and correction intentional conduct and cognitive activity, while they have no problem in the execution of usual action sequences.

Children with neurodevelopmental disorders such as Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD), cerebral palsy or severe motor speech disorders may beneficiate of augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) systems that may improve the developing language and the communication abilities. The term AAC tend to include each form of communication supplementing or replacing the natural speech production.

Introduction: The sinactive developmental model provides suggests a different way for the brain study by observing the children behavior. In all neurodevelopmental disorders, we can observe autonomic alteration comprising sleep disorders, meal behaviour alteration and self-regulatory impairment. These alterations/impairment are very frequent in autism spectrum disorders (ASD) (1-12). Aim of the present preliminary study is the assessment of metabolic rate in children affected by ASD. Material s and methods. 5 males affected by ASD aged 7-10 years (mean age 6.73±3:39), were recruited. The average score at the ADOS scale was 12.24 (SD± 3.29). The control group consisted of 5 males typically developing children (TDC) aged 7 to 11 years (mean age 7.92 ± 3.23). Autonomic/Metabolic evaluation: Free-living daily physical activity was measured using either the SenseWear Armband in order to calculate the total energy expenditure (TEE), baseline (REE) and the metabolic physical activity for prolonged periods of time. In general, the SenseWear Armband allows objective monitoring of the lifestyle including duration and sleep efficiency. Results: ASD subjects show values of total energy expenditure (p = 0.0047) and active energy expenditure (p = 0.044) significantly higher compared to control subjects (Table 1). In addition, ASD children have a metabolic intermediate significantly higher than healthy subjects (p=0.015). (Table 1). Finally, the ASD children show a significant reduction of sleep time (p = 0.027) (Table 1). Conclusion: ASD can represents a very significant risk factor for developing sleep disorders and to high energy expenditure, although further studies are needed in this respect.