ABSTRACT The development of artificial electronic skin (e‐skin) that replicates the tactile sensing capabilities of human skin offers transformative potential for intelligent robotics and next‐generation wearable technologies. However, achieving compact, energy‐efficient integration of multiple sensing modalities within a single platform remains a significant challenge. Here, we present a bio‐inspired microchanneled e‐skin, functioning as a microchanneled triboelectric nanogenerator (MC‐TENG), that enables self‐powered, multimodal sensing in a unified framework. The device incorporates a conducting gel synthesized by dispersing graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) into a polyvinyl alcohol/sodium nitrate matrix (PVA/NaNO 3 /GNPs), resulting in enhanced mechanical robustness with tensile and compressive strengths of 0.41 and 2.8 MPa, respectively. The MC‐TENG generates an output current of approximately 5.6 µA, with voltage and power outputs reaching 39.9 V and 0.44 mW, sufficient for operating low‐power electronics and detecting human motion. Fabricated e‐skin demonstrates excellent pressure, temperature, and stiffness sensitivity of ~1.81 V/kPa, ~42.7 mV/K, and ~7.43 × 10 −6 V/Nm −1 , respectively. Further, integration with a robotic arm enables functionalities such as object recognition, texture identification, and thermal sensing. This scalable, low‐cost, and self‐sustaining e‐skin platform represents a promising route toward more perceptive and interactive robotic systems, as well as advanced human‐machine interfaces.

ABSTRACT Unlike as‐grown two‐dimensional (2D) materials, transfer onto arbitrary substrates is essential for integration with semiconductor technologies, deterministic moiré superlattices, and flexible circuitry. However, polymeric residues introduced during the film‐transfer process critically modify strain and doping profiles, impeding device fidelity. We investigate the impact of polymer residues from two widely used 2D film transfer techniques: wet‐chemical etching (polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA)‐based) and surface‐energy‐assisted transfer (polystyrene (PS)‐based) of monolayer MoS 2 (1L‐MoS 2 ) film. We demonstrate that PMMA residues induce biaxial tensile strain (0.07%) and p ‐type doping (hole density ∼0.74 × 10 13 cm −2 ) in residue‐covered regions, while uncovered areas exhibit compressive strain (0.11%). Conversely, PS residues nearly uniformly introduce compressive strain (0.17%) and n ‐type doping (electron density ∼0.89 × 10 13 cm −2 ). Kelvin probe force microscopy confirms polymer‐induced doping, and density functional theory calculations support the experimental observations. Field‐effect transistor measurements validate these doping trends, revealing p ‐type (threshold voltage −9.85 V) and n ‐type (threshold voltage −18.25 V) behavior for 1L‐MoS 2 channel material transferred using PMMA and PS polymers, respectively. The surface‐energy‐assisted transfer method minimizes structural defects, yielding superior device performance with higher ON/OFF ratios (10 6 ) and estimated mobility (10.3 cm 2 V −1 s −1 ). Our results demonstrate that the transfer methodology provides guidelines for optimizing 1L‐MoS 2 for high‐performance optoelectronic applications.

ABSTRACT Diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP)–based conjugated polymers show strong promise for electronic applications, including bioelectronic gas sensors, yet their use in aqueous environments remains largely unexplored, especially for minimally invasive point‐of‐care testing (POCT) biosensors. We present the first systematic study of DPP‐based organic field‐effect transistors (OFETs) that deliver highly stable signal responses under both ambient and aqueous conditions. A scalable lab‐on‐a‐chip fabrication strategy is demonstrated, highlighting the critical roles of polymer deposition, dielectric selection, and device engineering in achieving uniform and reproducible electronic performance. The resulting OFETs exhibit excellent operational stability in water and phosphate‐buffered saline (PBS), supporting their suitability for sensing biological fluids. Devices display high output current, low transfer hysteresis, and strong batch‐to‐batch consistency, and are fabricated entirely under ambient conditions without oxygen or humidity control, underscoring compatibility with large‐scale manufacturing. OFET operation is sustained with minimal signal drift for up to 1 h in water and PBS. Comprehensive characterization of water‐immersed DPP films using PESA, UV–vis spectroscopy, XRD, and ToF‐SIMS confirms material robustness. A pilot real‐time dopamine sensing study achieves a detection limit of 1 p m , demonstrating feasibility for biosensing. Overall, DPP‐based organic semiconductors represent strong candidates for robust aqueous OFET‐based POCT technologies.

ABSTRACT Bone defects resulting from aging, disease, cancer, and trauma have seen a significant rise globally. Unlike autografts and allografts, man‐made porous tissue engineering scaffolds possess unique and irreplaceable advantages for repairing bone defects, including high biocompatibility, adjustable degradation rate, controllable mechanical properties, excellent osteointegration, osteoconduction, and in some situations, osteoinduction. Consequently, over the past few decades, the development of tissue engineering scaffolds has flourished and has made substantial progress for bone tissue regeneration. Therefore, it is crucial to systematically review the design, composition, fabrication, properties, and clinical applications of scaffolds for bone tissue engineering (BTE). In this review, we briefly introduce the anatomical structure of natural bones and discuss the evolution of tissue engineering and BTE. Subsequently, we detail the biomaterials commonly used for BTE scaffolds, including polymers, bioceramics, metallic alloys, and biomedical composites. Next, we elaborate on both conventional and advanced fabrication techniques for BTE scaffolds, comparing and highlighting the benefits and limitations of the techniques. Additionally, we summarize the physical properties and biological performance of BTE scaffolds and provide the progress in clinical applications. Finally, we discuss and point out the challenges and future perspectives for BTE scaffolds.

ABSTRACT Smart interactive displays that integrate multiple functions for information visualization have become increasingly important in the intelligent era. Color‐tunable upconverter displays (UCDs) convert photons from the infrared to the visible light spectrum and allow visualization of multiple signals on a visible display in accordance with external changes. In the study, we propose a new color‐tunable short‐wavelength infrared (SWIR) UCD based on InGaN red micro‐light‐emitting diodes (microLEDs) and InGaAs/InP micro‐photodiode (microPD) integrated using flip‐chip bonding technology. The proposed UCD features a 960 × 540 array with a pixel of 10 µm and a pitch of 15 µm, reaching 1600 pixels per inch (PPI). Under 1550 nm laser illumination, the fabricated UCD exhibits a maximum current density on/off‐ratio of 76 at 5 V, photon‐to‐photon conversion efficiency of 1.3% at 7 V, turn‐on voltage of 3.2 V at dark and only 1 V at a low laser power density of 10 mW/cm 2 , maximum‐luminance on‐off ratio of 1.6 × 10 4 at 3 V, and maximum‐luminance linear dynamic range of 75 dB at 3 V. Besides, the UCD can show the mask images and videos through the 1550 nm laser illumination or even the incandescent bulb as the light source. More importantly, not only does the luminance of the UCD increase with the infrared power density, but also the color gradually changes from red to yellow. The superiority of color‐tunable SWIR UCD based on InGaN red microLEDs opens new possibilities for the development of intelligent displays and has promising multi‐disciplinary applications.

ABSTRACT For the investigation of three‐dimensional (3D) tumor spheroids and migrating cells embedded in a hydrogel using light sheet fluorescence microscopy (LSFM), a novel approach has been developed. LSFM has become a powerful tool for visualizing 3D structures of fluorescently labeled biological samples, providing high‐resolution imaging with minimal phototoxicity. Unlike conventional widefield or confocal microscopy methods, LSFM selectively illuminates a sample using a thin light sheet, thereby minimizing out‐of‐focus signals and facilitating quick volumetric data collection. However, sample mounting for LSFM still requires improvement, as conventional strategies, such as capillary‐based methods, present challenges especially for larger or delicate specimens, and may include mechanical stress. In this work, a novel sample holder compatible with the Zeiss Lightsheet 7 microscope is presented, specifically designed for the analysis of spheroids embedded in collagen gels. The novel holder enables dual‐sided illumination, improving effective image quality and facilitating detailed analysis of cell migration within the collagen matrix. Images acquired with this setup are analyzed using Arivis Vision4D to assess parameters such as cell number, cell density, and cell distance. The results demonstrated significant improvements not only in studying cancer cell migration and early metastatic behavior but also in evaluating chemotherapy within 3D extracellular matrix models.

ABSTRACT Titanium nitride (TiN), a widely used material in conventional integrated circuit (IC) fabrication, has drawn rising attention in the field of healthcare, as it possesses excellent chemical stability, biocompatibility, as well as good electrical conductivity. Owing to its strong compatibility with the Complementary Metal‐Oxide‐Semiconductor (CMOS) processes, TiN holds great promise as a key material for scalable and integrated applications in biomedical sensors, implantable devices, and micro/nanoelectronic systems. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of TiN and its potential as an emerging material in biomedical sensing chips. First, the fundamental properties of TiN are summarized, followed by a discussion over the conventional application of TiN in the IC industry. Then, the prospects of TiN as a bioelectrode material are introduced, where its excellent biocompatibility and capability to facilitate efficient electron transport in biomedical electronic chips are highlighted. The following section explores functional modification strategies designed to optimize the performance of TiN which broadens its range of applications. Finally, the potential of TiN in frontier sensing technologies is discussed.

ABSTRACT Monoelemental Two Dimensional (2D) materials, collectively known as Xenes‐such as silicene, germanene, stanene, phosphorene, and borophene‐have garnered significant attention as prospective candidates for high‐performance optoelectronic devices. This interest stems from their distinctive structural, electronic, and optical attributes, including tunable bandgaps, elevated carrier mobility, and anisotropic light‐matter interactions, which make them particularly well‐suited for advanced photodetector applications. This comprehensive review provides an in‐depth examination of Xene materials, their inherent properties, and their utilization in photodetector technologies. We meticulously analyze current fabrication methodologies, diverse device architectures, and key performance indicators across a broad spectral range, from the ultraviolet (UV) to the infrared (IR) regions. Moreover, the paper critically addresses the prevailing challenges associated with environmental degradation, integration complexities with various substrates, and scalability issues, while also exploring potential strategies to overcome these limitations. Finally, this review delineates future perspectives and identifies promising avenues for the continued advancement of Xene‐based photodetectors. The ultimate aim is to facilitate their transition from laboratory‐scale demonstrations to practical, scalable optoelectronic platforms, thereby unlocking their full potential in the next generation of sensing and imaging technologies.

ABSTRACT Direct laser writing (DLW) uses tightly confined laser beams to trigger photothermal, photochemical, and ultrafast photophysical processes. It enables mask‐free, sub‐micrometer patterning of functional materials on diverse substrates under ambient conditions. Wide material compatibility, fine feature control, and low heat input make DLW attractive for wearable human‐machine interaction (HMI). These systems are soft, skin‐conformal devices that monitor physiological and environmental signals in real time. This review surveys DLW‐derived materials and architectures for wearable HMI devices. It provides a system‐level perspective and highlights manufacturing‐structure‐property‐performance relationships that guide the design of DLW‐enabled wearables. We first outline the main laser‐material interaction mechanisms, then classify DLW‐derived materials into six families: carbon‐based frameworks, metals and alloys, metal oxides, polymers and composites, 2D materials, and hybrids. For each family, we link manufacturing routes, microstructures, key properties, and device performance. Next, we map these materials onto five building blocks of wearable platforms: sensors, energy modules, communication components, feedback interfaces, and fully integrated systems. We cover mechanical, pressure, strain, humidity, temperature, gas, optical, biochemical, and multimodal sensors. Performance is benchmarked in terms of sensitivity, detection limit and range, response and recovery time, and stability under realistic deformation and wear. Finally, we discuss remaining challenges and future directions. Key issues include throughput and scalability, mechanical durability, biocompatibility, and standards for long‐term reliability. We highlight emerging strategies such as multi‐beam and roll‐to‐roll DLW, hybrid workflows with printing and 3D structuring, sustainable precursors and advanced nanocomposites, and AI‐guided design and process control. Together, these directions aim to accelerate DLW‐enabled wearables from laboratory prototypes to everyday wearable HMI systems.

Multimaterial Microrobots The cover shows multimaterial microrobots comprising a hard polymer backbone, which enables transportation using optical trapping, and 4D printed sensing elements made of a pH-responsive hydrogel. The sensing elements swell and shrink depending on the local environment, allowing us to estimate local pH from size measurements of the sensing elements. More details can be found in the Research Article by Ada-Ioana Bunea and co-workers (10.1002/admt.202501075).