Diabetic nephropathy, the prevalent microvascular complication of diabetes, presents a significant challenge to global healthcare systems. The pathogenesis is primarily driven by chronic hyperglycemia-induced renal damage, manifested as increased glomerular filtration rate, inflammation, and oxidative stress. Current clinical management aims to delay disease progression, reduce complications, and improve patients’ quality of life, utilizing agents such as renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors, sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors, and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists. Emerging therapies, including stem cell and gene therapies, are under active investigation to provide more effective treatment avenues. Furthermore, comprehensive strategies incorporating lifestyle medicine and nutritional supplementation show promise in diabetic nephropathy management and warrant further exploration. This review summarizes current clinical strategies and pharmacological agents for diabetic nephropathy and explores potential novel therapeutic strategies, aiming to provide a scientific reference for future research and clinical practice.

In recent years, the gut muscle axis has become an important direction for studying skeletal muscle atrophy. With a deeper understanding of the gut microbiota, an increasing number of studies have shown a close relationship between gut health and skeletal muscle function. Skeletal muscle atrophy is an important issue affecting the health of the elderly population, and its pathogenesis is complex, involving multiple aspects such as metabolic factors, inflammatory reactions, and nutritional status. However, despite the increasing number of related studies, the specific mechanisms by which gut microbiota affects skeletal muscle health are still not clear enough. This review aims to explore the relationship between gut microbiota and skeletal muscle health, analyze its potential mechanisms and clinical significance. The article first introduces the basic concept of the gut muscle axis and recent research progress, then delves into its influencing factors in skeletal muscle atrophy, summarizes the latest research results, and finally proposes future research directions and possible clinical applications, in order to provide reference for further research in this field.

Objective: To explore research hotspots and trends in the application of electroacupuncture techniques in the field of pain management, providing reference for further studies. Methods: We retrieved relevant literature from the Web of Science Core Collection database covering 1 January 2006, to 15 August 2025. Using CiteSpace software, we generated visualization maps based on publication regions, institutions, authors, and keywords to investigate research hotspots and development trends in this domain. Concurrently, Bibliometrix 5.1.0 software and Google Trends were employed to obtain corresponding public search trends, evaluating the relationship between academic research intensity and public attention. Results: A total of 542 articles were included. Publication volume initially increased then declined; core regions exhibited close collaboration; authors primarily engaged in intra-team cooperation; topics like “chronic pain” and ‘migraine’ were hotspots aligning academic and public interest, while “electroacupuncture” showed a recognition gap. Conclusions: Current electroacupuncture analgesia research focuses on neurobiological mechanisms, acupoint and parameter optimization, and combined applications. Research exhibits phased development with gaps between academic and public understanding. Development remains uneven across institutions, authors, and regions, with limited cross-team, cross-regional, and international collaboration—most partnerships being internal. Future efforts should strengthen multi-stakeholder cooperation, address knowledge gaps through science communication, integrate with smart technologies for enhanced clinical relevance, and elevate practical value.

Objective: To investigate the efficacy and safety of F4.8 visual puncture minirenal mirror in the treatment of seminal vesiculitis. Methods: A total of 60 patients with seminal vesiculitis admitted to the Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University from July 2022 to July 2024 were selected as the study subjects. Patients treated with F4.8 visual puncture minirenal mirror were assigned to the minirenal mirror group (n = 30), while those treated with pharmacotherapy were assigned to the pharmacotherapy group (n = 30). The basic surgical conditions of the minirenal mirror group were analyzed, and the total effective rate at 3 months, as well as improvements in hematospermia, sexual function, pain symptoms, complications, and recurrence rates at 6 months post-treatment, were compared between the two groups. Results: The total effective rate and improvement in sexual function at 6 months post-treatment in the minirenal mirror group were significantly higher than those in the pharmacotherapy group (p < 0.05). The recurrence rate at 6 months post-treatment was lower in the minirenal mirror group than in the pharmacotherapy group (p < 0.05). No significant complications were observed in the pharmacotherapy group during follow-up. In the minirenal mirror group, 13 cases (43.33%) experienced mild hematuria postoperatively, 5 cases (16.67%) had perineal discomfort, and 1 case (3.33%) had fever. Conclusion: F4.8 visual puncture minirenal mirror is a reliable and safe treatment for seminal vesiculitis.