Summary Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are essential in cancer therapy but increasingly linked to arrhythmias, including long QT syndrome (LQT), atrial fibrillation, and ventricular arrhythmias. This review synthesizes current evidence on the arrhythmogenic potential of TKIs across drug classes and targets. Literature was sourced from PubMed, Google Scholar, and regulatory data up to November 2024. TKIs such as endothelial growth factor receptor (EGFR), anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK), FLT3, breakpoint cluster region-Abelson murine leukemia viral oncogene homolog (BCR-ABL), vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR), and Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitors are associated with diverse arrhythmias. Mechanisms include ion channel inhibition (IKr, INa, ICa, L), disrupted calcium handling via SERCA2a and phospholamban, and suppression of PI3K/Akt signaling. Inflammatory pathways, notably S100A8/A9–TLR4–NLRP3 activation, further contribute to proarrhythmic effects. These findings emphasize the need for individualized risk assessment, close monitoring, and mechanistically informed clinical management to minimize cardiac toxicity.

Summary This article addresses frequently asked questions about the adverse drug reactions associated with methylphenidate treatment. Methylphenidate is a central nervous system stimulant used primarily for the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. It utilizes insights from the combined knowledge of pharmacists and physicians who advise healthcare professionals in the Capital Region of Denmark on patient-specific medication queries. The article provides an overview of the clinical challenges and safety considerations associated with methylphenidate use, integrating empirical data and clinical expertise to facilitate informed decision-making by practitioners.

Summary As obesity continues to be a global health challenge presenting various negative impacts on health outcomes and healthcare costs, there is a growing need for pharmacological interventions to address the issue. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists have shown potential in treating obesity and reducing the risk of type 2 diabetes, but there is a lack of studies comparing adverse events across different populations. This review intends to indirectly compare the adverse events of available glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist pharmaceuticals for treating overweight or obesity in adults, adolescents, and children.

Summary Preschool children may require acute pain and fever management beyond the effects of paracetamol. Ibuprofen, an NSAID, is the first-choice analgesic add-on in children, as its effects and safety profile are well-known in children. In some countries, however, ibuprofen in oral solution is not available; thus, naproxen (another NSAID) could be an alternative. In this systematic review, we evaluated the effect of naproxen on fever and acute pain as well as related adverse events in preschool children. Although the evidence was limited, naproxen appears to be well tolerated and efficient in treating acute pain and fever in preschool children.

Summary Herbal medicines may cause adverse drug reactions (ADRs) due to effects of known constituent(s), substitution with other herbal ingredients, or contamination or adulteration with additional substances. Healthcare professionals (HCPs) should always take a full medicines history, including use of herbal medicines and other complementary products (e.g., food supplements and other dietary supplements). A range of resources are available to inform HCPs and the public/patients/ carers about possible ADRs associated with herbal medicines. HCPs and the public/patients also need to be made aware of the importance of reporting suspected ADRs to the appropriate regulatory agency. Good safety surveillance systems can thus help to ensure that those who choose to take herbal medicines are able to do so with acceptable safety.

Summary Cytokine release syndrome (CRS) is an adverse drug reaction that is poorly understood but is likely to be increasingly common as more immunotherapeutics are being developed and licensed, principally in the treatment of cancer. Early recognition and aggressive treatment of this potentially rapidly fatal systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) is the key to a better outcome for this adverse drug reaction.

Summary Sialorrhoea is a common adverse effect of a range of medicines, primarily clozapine. At least a third of patients treated with clozapine suffer from sialorrhoea, and the consequences of this can be socially stigmatising and lead to non-adherence. The treatment options are limited and primarily centered around muscarinic antagonism. We suggest non-pharmacological interventions followed by locally applied atropine or glycopyrrolate. If systemic treatment is necessary, amisulpride, benztropine, or terazosin may be attempted.

Summary Drugs used topically in the eye can cause systemic adverse effects that can range from mild to fatal. Ocular drugs can cause adverse effects by draining through the nasolacrimal duct and being absorbed into the blood stream, or by precipitating in the eye, or by causing an increase in intraocular pressure.

Adverse Drug Reaction Bulletin 301(1):p 1168, December 2016. | DOI: 10.1097/01.fad.0000512086.19144.fb

Adverse Drug Reaction Bulletin 301(1):p 1167, December 2016. | DOI: 10.1097/01.fad.0000512085.19236.86