Serratia rubidaea is a zoonotic opportunistic pathogen that causes respiratory tract infection, septicemia, and encephalitis in humans and animals. The current study aimed to estimate the immunological response (IgG, IL-6by ELISA test and Delayed Type Hypersensitivity (DTH)-Skin Test and histopathological lesions (intestine, liver, kidney, and spleen) by using twenty-four Swiss mice divided into three equal groups (8/each).The first group(G1) as control negative given PBS (pH 7.2) 0.1ml S/C, the second group(G2) immunized by killed whole cell antigen Serratia rubidaea (KWCA SR) (1.2 ×109CFU ml) S/C and the third group(G3) immunized by sonicated whole cell antigen Serratia rubidaea (SWCASR) (1000 μg/ml) S/C. A booster dose was given after 14 days of immunization to the G2 and G3 the same as the immunizing dose. At 21 and 28 days of immunization, IgG and IL-6 concentrations were increased significantly (P≤0.05) in the groups G2 and G3 compared to the negative control group. DTH-Skin Tests of G2 and G3 groups showed increased induration diameter after 24 and 48 hours. and a decrease at 72 hours. Histopathological lesions showed mild to moderate changes in immunized groups compared with the positive control group in all organs. In conclusion, it was found that KWCASR and SWCASR induce humoral (IgG) and cellular immune responses(IL-6,DTH), which reduce the pathological lesions in the immunized mice.

In vitro embryo production (IVEP) encompasses a series of three basic steps, namely in vitro maturation (IVM), in vitro fertilisation (IVF), and in vitro embryo culture. IVEP approach has shown to be a valuable tool in advancing our comprehension of early mammalian development and expediting genetic enhancement in livestock. The aim of this research was to compare the impact of small and large follicles on the total number of oocytes recovered through the IVEP process. Therefore, 305 Ewe genitalia were collected at the Al-Fallujah abattoir in the Al-Anbar province. The follicles were identified, and their diameter was measured using an automated vernier calliper. Subsequently, the oocytes were classified into three distinct groups, namely excellent (A), acceptable (B), and poor (C). The results of the maturation rate of large follicles were 43.9% (51/116) and small follicles 30.7% (20/65). There was a statistical difference in maturation rate (p<0.05). The fertilization rate of matured oocytes collected from large follicles was 60.7% (31/51) and 50% (10/20) from small follicles. There was no statistical difference. The results of Blastocyst production rate. showed a higher percentage 58.06 (18/31) of Blastocyst produced from large follicles as compared a percentage of 30% (3/10) of Blastocyst production from small follicles. There was a statistical difference (P<0.05). It was concluded from the current study that the size of the follicle has an effect on IVM, IVF and IVC.

In the animal field belonging to the animal production department/ faculty of Agriculture / University of Anbar/ Ramadi, this experiment was conducted from the fifteenth of December/ 2021 to the fifteenth of February/ 2022. In this experiment, twelve female Iraqi Awassi lambs with an average body weight of 16.737 kg and ages ranging from 90±7 days were used. Three groups, each with four lambs, were randomly selected from among the experimental animals. As the control group, the first group (T1) had not acquired any treatment at all. The second group (T2) acquired intramuscular injections of vitamins A, D3, and E of 1.5 ml supported with omega-3 of 1.5 ml and the 3rd group (T3) acquired intramuscular injections of the same vitamins, six times with a fifteen-day gap between each injection. The animals were nourished on concentrated diet consisting of 1.5% BW (mixture of barley grains and wheat bran) water, minerals bloke supplement, and alfalfa hay had given adliptum. The result of the experiment showed that T2 had significantly increased (P≤0.05) compared with T1 in the second period (p2) in an average life body weight. T2 was significantly superior (P≤0.01) compared with T1 and T3 at p2 in chest girth, estrogen hormone and white blood cell (WBC), while T2 was significantly superior (P≤0.05) compared with T1 in red blood cell (RBC) at third period (P3), whilst T1 and T2 had significantly superior (P≤0.01) as compared with T3 at P2 in haemoglobin concentration.

Nitrosamines are toxic substances that induce oxidative stress. Oxidative stress results from an imbalance between the formation of free radicals (ROS) and their removal from the body and is a direct or indirect cause of a variety of diseases. The research aimed to assess vitamin E's potential protective role against nitrosamine-induced defects of testicular tissues. A total of forty Albino mice, weighing between 20 To25 grams and aged 25 to 30 weeks, were employed for the study. These mice are divided into five groups, each consisting of eight individuals. The initial group served as control, second group received a daily oral dosage of 0.05 mL/ g body weight of nitrosamine over one month. The third group was orally administered 0.1 mL/g of vitamin E. Groups IV and V were provided with vitamin E doses of 0.1 and 0.2 mL/g body weight orally Daily for a month, followed by a nitrosamine dose of 0.05 mL/g. Post the treatment period, blood samples were obtained, and the testis and epididymis tissues were subjected to examination. The study findings revealed notable alterations, encompassing the inhibition of spermatogenesis, reduction in diameters of seminiferous tubules within the testis and epididymis, as well as epithelial cell thickness. Additionally, severe necrosis and germ cell erosion were observed. In contrast, results from the vitamin E-treated animals exhibited favorable changes in the testicular and epididymis tissues when compared to the nitrosamine-exposed group and the control group. Moreover, histological assessments of animals administered a preventive vitamin E dose (0.2 mL/g) alongside nitrosamine indicated enhanced spermatogenesis, evidenced by augmented seminiferous tubule diameters and increased epithelial cell thickness within the testis and epididymis.

The aim of this study is to find out the incidence of pregnancy and some uterine diseases, such as hydrometra and mucometra in female Saanen goats out of seasonal breeding by using ultrasound scanning. This study was conducted in January 2022 in field of Saanen goats in Halabja province / Kurdistan Region. Out of 120 examination of female Saanen goats, the investigation were recorded 8 (6.7%) for pregnant, 80 (66.7%) non pregnant and 2 (1.6%) abortion whereas 18 (15%) and 12 (10%) for hydrometra and mucometra respectively. The previous conditions of infected uterus are considered a pseudopregnancy in goats according to the many researchers. In addition to these uterine infections are causes temporary infertility in goats.Therefore, it is preferable to treat such cases as soon as possible using hormones such as PGF2α. Finally it concluded that real-time ultrasound is considered rapid, precise, and accuracy device used for diagnosis of pregnancy and reproductive disorders represented by hydrometra and mucometra in goats.

This study was conducted to investigate the antibacterial efficacy of Syzygium aromaticum extracts, (clove) is one of the traditional plants that have been used to prevent urinary tract infection. Our study showed the antibacterial effectiveness of the extract of Syzygies aromaticum and reduced bacterial resistance resulting from the misuse of the antibiotic. Our extract has been used to prevent UTI because the pharmacological activities are attributed to plant constituents such as flavonoids, alkaloids, glycosides, saponins, terpenes, and other active ingredients. Cloves were extracted by hydroalcoholic extract (ethanol), which yield a reddish-brown plant extract powder with 20%. It was observed that the hydroalcoholic extract (ethanol)of cloves against Staphylococcus aureus appeared at a concentration of 6.25 mg/ml, and increased until reached concentrations of 200; 400 and 800 mg/ml resulting in a zone of inhibition (16.3, 17.5, 20.7mm), respectively, while inhibition was recorded against Klebsiella pneumoniae at a concentration of 50 mg/ml. At a concentration of 400 and 800 mg/ml, an increase in inhibition was observed for the zone (18.1, 22.3mm). It was inferred that the hydroalcoholic extract (ethanol)of cloves has a higher antibacterial effect against Staphylococcus aureus because the zones of inhibition began with lower concentrations compared to Klebsiella pneumonia because of their virulence factors in addition to bacterial resistance

This comparative study aims to assess the differences in the third eyelid gland and cartilage morphology and histology between dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) and cats (Felis catus). Twenty nictitans membranes were collected from 20 adult dogs and 20 adult cats. The nictitans membranes were dissected to examine the structure, shape, and positions of the nictitans gland and cartilage. Histologically, the samples were fixed in 10% neutral buffer formalin and then prepared for H&E stains. Generally, in both species, the cartilage consists of a long, slender body, and pigmented large dorsal and small ventral wings. The cartilage had a curving shape that resembled the eyeball's curvature and had two surfaces; palpebral and corneal or bulbar surface. At the basal end of the corneal surface, there are several lymph nodes aggregates. In the dogs, the nictitans cartilage was longer and slenderer than in the cats. The body of the cartilage was wrapped by a spherical and light pink nictitans gland in the dogs while the cats had oval nictitans gland. Microscopically, the nictitans gland in the dogs was composed of a compound tubuloacinar gland whereas; in cats, it was composed of a compound acinar gland. There was no difference histologically in the intralobular and the interlobar septa between species, the isogenous group of chondrocytes was higher in cats Vs. the dogs that showed few in number. In conclusion, the nictitans gland and cartilage were varied in their anatomical and histological structure. This should help researchers make preparations to prevent negative impacts and could help them investigate changes made more pronounced by disease conditions.

This study was conducted to explore the antibody titers and antibiotic sensitivity of salmonella organisms isolated from pigeons and their surrounding in Nineveh governorate during the period from November 2021 to March 2022. Thirty out of 83 positive Salmonella spp. isolated from 400 pigeons and 150 samples of their environment in a previous study (unpublished data) were subjected to an antibiogram sensitivity test. Nearly half of the isolates (n=16) were tested for ß- lactamase production. Seroprevalence of 92 blood samples collected from the same pigeons (69/adults and 23/squabs) were used for the estimation of S. enteritides antibody titers. The antibiogram profile of tested Salmonella spp. revealed high resistance (73.33%) to Ciprofloxacin followed by Colistin (70%), Florphenicol (66.6%), Sulphamethoxazole-Trimethoprim (60%), Lincomycin and Amoxicillin (46.6), Spiramycin and Doxycycline (40%), Tetracycline (36.66%), Levofloxacin and Enrofloxacin (33.33%), Phosphomycin (26.6%), Norfloxacin (23.3%), Cephalexin, Neomycin and Gentamycin 16.66%. Beta-lactmase producing Salmonella spp. revealed that 3 isolates out of 13(18.75%) were positive by acidimetric, 7/16(43.75%) using extended spectrum ß -lactmase and 6/16(37.5%) in extended spectrum ß -lactmase type ampC methods. Antibody titers to S. enteritides naturally exposed pigeons obtained by Indirect ELISA revealed a significant (P≤0.ooo1) difference between adults and squabs mean titers. In conclusion, pigeons are considered one of the Salmonella spp. sources that may aid in the cross-contamination of Salmonella spp. from pigeons to the surroundings, humans or animals.

This study was conducted to induce and evaluate reversible liver fibrosis in dogs by surgical closure of the major duodenal orifice. The study was performed on six healthy local adult dogs. Reversible liver fibrosis was surgically induced in all animals by surgical closure of major duodenal papilla using absorbable suture material for 60 days. Induced liver fibrosis was assessed by clinical, ultrasonographical examination, laboratory and histological methods. The clinical manifestation of the jaundiced dogs showed reduced food intake, pale-yellowish mucus membrane, inflammatory signs of the wound site and severe postoperative pain. Biochemically, there was significantly increased values of the aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase, indirect bilirubin, direct bilirubin and total bilirubin especially during the first two days after surgery followed by a gradual decrease of these values until the end of the but still higher than normal values. Ultrasonographic examinations showed abnormal changes in the liver tissue such as an increase in both size and wall thickness of the gall bladder and mottled heterogeneous appearance of the liver during the first two weeks following the surgical induction of the hepatic fibrosis. Histological evaluation of liver samples revealed showed necrosis of hepatocytes and deposition of eosinophilic material, infiltration of inflammatory cells, recent thrombus in the hepatic vein, fatty change. Slight clinical, biochemical, ultrasonographic improvement was observed at 30th post-operative day. In conclusion, surgical induction of reversible liver fibrosis in dogs was an easy technique by surgical closure of major duodenal papilla and the results were confirmed by the clinical, ultrasonographical, laboratory and histological examination.