This study aims to analyze the distribution of vegetation density in Langsa City using the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). The research was conducted from June to October 2024, covering a study area of ​​21,881.41 ha. The method used is remote sensing, using Sentinel-2A satellite imagery, along with Geographic Information System (GIS) software, specifically ArcGIS, for mapping and spatial analysis. The NDVI classification results show five land cover categories based on NDVI value ranges. NDVI Class 1 (-0.38 to -0.02) includes non-vegetated land and water bodies. NDVI Class 2 (-0.02–0.20) indicates very low greenness, typically consisting of bare land. NDVI Class 3 (0.20–0.38) represents low greenness, which includes built-up areas. NDVI Class 4 (0.38–0.54) includes moderate greenness, typically found in plantations or fields, while NDVI Class 5 (0.54–0.83) represents high greenness, covering areas such as shrubs, forests, and mangroves. This analysis provides valuable information for land use planning and environmental management based on spatial vegetation data. The results of this study are expected to serve as a basis for policy-making that supports the sustainable management and conservation of vegetation in Langsa City.

The Dem River, originating from the Coban Glothak Waterfall, is an important water source for local communities. However, the rapid growth of tourism in the Coban Glothak area raises concerns regarding potential water pollution. To evaluate the river’s ecological condition, this study analyzed biological, physical, and chemical parameters with a focus on epilithic diatoms as bioindicators. An exploratory design was applied across three representative stations, each subdivided into three sampling points. Biological analysis involved measuring abundance, diversity, and dominance of diatoms using PAST software. Physical and chemical parameters included temperature, pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), dissolved oxygen (DO), biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), nitrate (NO₃), and phosphate (PO₄). Results showed that epilithic diatom abundance was relatively high at all stations, but a decreasing trend was observed from station 1 to station 3, reflecting spatial variations in environmental conditions. The diversity index consistently exceeded 1.5, indicating a fairly diverse diatom community and suggesting supportive water conditions for aquatic organisms. Low dominance values at all stations revealed no species over-dominance, reflecting balanced ecological conditions. Furthermore, the physical and chemical measurements aligned with class 2 and 3 water quality standards, confirming that the Dem River remains suitable for sustaining aquatic life with reasonable diversity.

Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Houtt.) is a high-value spice commodity from Indonesia, often contamination with aflatoxin-producing Aspergillus flavus. Previous research has identified two epiphytic yeast isolates from nutmeg plants, namely DP1341a and DP1342, both of which were identified as Pseudozyma hubeiensis and showed antagonistic potential against A. flavus. This study is a follow- up study that aims to test the antagonistic activity of both isolates against A. flavus in vivo on nutmeg seeds. The research was conducted experimentally through several stages, namely testing the compatibility of isolates on Yeast Malt Agar (YMA) media, determining the optimum fermentation time, and applying liquid culture and fermentation filtrate to 120 nutmeg seeds. Results showed that the consortium of isolates DP1341a and DP1342 did not increase the inhibitory power results compared to single cultures with optimum fermentation times of 10 and 14 days, respectively. In vivo applications show that treatment with DP1342 isolate (KC-DP1342) and consortium in liquid culture provides the highest level of resistance to A. flavus infection, namely 38.67% and 28.00%. The findings suggest that P. hubeiensis DP1342 has potential as a biological control agent in controlling A. flavus on nutmeg seeds, although further formulation and optimization are needed.

Genetic-based management is a critical approach to maintain the sustainability of mahseer fish (Tor tambra and T. tambroides), which are facing threats from habitat degradation and overfishing in Jambi Province. This study aims to analyze the genetic diversity and population structure of mahseer using the COI gene markers. A total of 18 specimens were collected from six locations in the Jambi rivers (June-August 2024). DNA sequencing results showed 98.51–99.85% similarity to the references T. tambra and T. tambroides in GenBank. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed the grouping of this species, with a bootstrap value of 100% and closeness to the species Barbonymus gonionotus and Hampala macrolepidota. There were 11 haplotypes with the highest diversity at stations 3 and 6 (Hd= 0.90000), while moderate genetic differentiation (Fst= 0.109–0.141) was found between station 2 and other locations, indicating isolation due to habitat fragmentation. Water quality parameters (dissolved oxygen 6.3–7.1 mg/L, pH 7.0–7.3, current velocity 0.2–0.4 m/s) support habitat suitability, but anthropogenic activities potentially threaten genetic connectivity. These findings underscore the need for genetic data-driven conservation strategies, such as restocking of highly diverse populations and protection of critical habitats. Further research is needed to monitor long-term genetic dynamics.

Amilase, lipase, dan protease merupakan biokatalisator yang dapat digunakan untuk mempermudah penyerapan nutrisi dalam saluran pencernaan. Enzim tersebut dapat diproduksi oleh bakteri indigenus. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis aktivitas enzim amilase, lipase, dan protease pada probiotik indigenus kelompok Lactobacillus casei (Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus paracasei, dan Lactobacillus rhamnosus). Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini dimulai dari menumbuhkan bakteri uji pada media selektif amilase, lipase, dan protease. Selanjutnya analisis aktivitas enzim amilase, lipase, dan protease yaitu penghitungan zona bening dan indeks aktivitas enzim. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ketiga spesies memiliki aktivitas enzim amilase, lipase, dan protease, yang ditandai dengan zona bening di sekitar koloni. Indeks hidrolisis menunjukkan kelompok L. casei menghasilkan nilai beragam dan menunjukkan reaksi kuat. Indeks hidrolisis aktivitas protease tertinggi dihasilkan oleh L. rhamnosus memiliki indeks hidrolisis aktivitas protease tertinggi (3,36 mm), L. casei indeks hidrolisis aktivitas amilase tertinggi (1,76 mm), dan L. paracasei memiliki indeks hidrolisis aktivitas lipase tertinggi (1,82 mm). Berdasarkan hal tersebut dapat disimpulkan bahwa kelompok L. casei dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai sumber enzim untuk meningkatkan kesehatan sistem pencernaan.

Research on riparian vegetation and ecosystem services perception is essential to encourage community involvement in river area management. Therefore, this study aims to examine the composition of riparian vegetation along the upper Gajahwong River and assess local community perceptions of the ecosystem services provided by riparian biodiversity. Vegetation composition was studied through a floristic survey using plots placed along transects at three locations; Hargobinangun, Sardonoharjo, and Minomartani. Community perception was assessed through a survey of 60 randomly selected residents from the three villages studied. Data analysis involved calculating species richness, and species diversity, and analyzing community perceptions based on response percentages. The study identified more than 70 plant species at each site, with a very high diversity index (>4). Species with high Importance Value (IV) included Ficus racemosa (3.11), Dieffenbachia seguine (4.40), and Acalypha indica (3.59). Dominant plant families included Araceae, Fabaceae, and Moraceae, which provide essential provisioning and regulating ecosystem functions. Regarding community perception, the study found that residents recognized ecosystem functions, including provisioning services, regulating services, and socio-cultural services. Their understanding of ecosystem services was influenced by cultural values, particularly Javanese traditions emphasizing the importance of nature conservation.

This study aims to determine the effect of ethanol extract of wijaya kusuma leaves (Epiphyllum oxypetalum) as an inhibitor and determine the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) against Salmonella typhi bacteria. Quantitative research method with an experimental research design using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) and the results were analyzed using One Way ANOVA test and continued with the Tukey test. Test method with disc diffusion method (Kirby-Bauer) in antibacterial test with extract concentration 0; 0.1; 0.2; 0.3; 0.4; 0.5; and 0.6% (g/v) and liquid dilution method in Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) test with extract concentration 0; 0.02; 0.04; 0.06; 0.08; and 0.1% (g/v). The results showed that ethanol extract of wijaya kusuma leaves (Epiphyllum oxypetalum) had a significant effect on Salmonella typhi bacteria with the best concentration of 0.6% which had a mean inhibition zone area of 45.05 ± 4.80 mm2 and the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) was in the concentration range of 0 to 0.02% (g/v). The ethanol extract of wijaya kusuma leaves (Epiphyllum oxypetalum) has an effect as a growth inhibitor of Salmonella typhi bacteria.

One of the phenotypic variations in humans to adapt to environmental conditions is physical growth. One of the impacts of environmental pressure on children's growth is malnutrition. This research aims to assess the association of nutritional status with cognitive abilities and motor skills in elementary school-age children in Oransbari, South Manokwari, West Papua. Cross-sectional design research was carried out on children aged 6–12 years from two primary schools in January- June 2023. Semistructured interviews guided by a questionnaire were carried out to collect data on cognitive and motoric abilities. Body height and body weight were measured to assess the nutritional status. Our research showed that nutritional status was mostly a normal category, while stunting, severe stunting, and thinness which refers to undernutrition were quite low. Undernutrition tendency in Papuan children was higher than in non-Papuan children, with the severely stunted 2.44%:0.83% between Papuan and non-Papuan and thinness at 7.32%:5.83%. Expectably stunted category non-Papuan showed quite high than Papuan (3.33%:2.44%). In contrast, the percentages of thinness and obesity which refer to overnutrition were quite high in non-Papuan with values of 14.0% and 16.6% respectively. The chi-square test showed that the malnutrition category was not related to cognitive and motor skills (P-value <0.05).

Abstract Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) is a nutritious and healthy vegetable that is commonly consumed by Indonesian people. To fulfill self-sufficiency for household scale needs during the COVID-19 pandemic, cucumber cultivation can be carried out in home gardens, using containers such as polybags. Growing cucumbers on limited land requires a carefully optimized planting media composition by applying Effective Microorganism 4 (EM4) to the polybag media when planting. The research has been conducted which aims to determine the best EM4 dosage for the growth and productivity of cucumbers. The study used a Randomized Block Design consisting of control and three treatment doses of 10% concentration EM4, namely 20, 40, and 60 mL per polybag with six replications. The planting media used is a mixture of loam soil and goat manure. NPK fertilizer is given as an additional nutrient. The EM4 application is done by pouring it every eight days into the planting media in polybags. The results showed an increase in growth parameters and productivity of cucumber plants namely plant height, leaf chlorophyll content, time of flower emergence, number of flowers, and number of flowers that form fruit. 40 mL EM4 is the dose that showed the highest growth and productivity.AbstrakMentimun (Cucumis sativus L.) merupakan sayuran bergizi dan menyehatkan yang banyak dikonsumsi masyarakat Indonesia. Untuk memenuhi swasembada kebutuhan skala rumah tangga di masa pandemi COVID-19, budidaya mentimun dapat dilakukan di pekarangan rumah, dengan menggunakan wadah polybag. Menanam mentimun di lahan terbatas memerlukan optimalisasi komposisi media tanam secara cermat dengan menerapkan Effective Microorganism 4 (EM4) pada media dalam polybag. Telah dilakukan penelitian yang bertujuan untuk mengetahui dosis EM4 terbaik untuk pertumbuhan dan produktivitas tanaman mentimun. Penelitian menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok yang terdiri atas kontrol dan tiga perlakuan dosis EM4 konsentrasi 10% yaitu 20, 40, dan 60 mL per polybag dengan enam ulangan. Media tanam yang digunakan adalah campuran tanah lempung dan kotoran kambing. Pupuk NPK diberikan sebagai unsur hara tambahan. Penerapan EM4 dilakukan dengan cara disiram setiap delapan hari sekali ke dalam media tanam di polybag. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya peningkatan parameter pertumbuhan dan produktivitas tanaman mentimun yaitu tinggi tanaman, kandungan klorofil daun, waktu munculnya bunga, jumlah bunga, dan jumlah bunga yang membentuk buah. Dosis yang menunjukkan pertumbuhan dan produktivitas tertinggi adalah 40 mL EM4.

Abstract Fruit wastes are reported as among the main contributors to food waste production. They have an impact on the environment so they need to be treated. To reduce the negative effects, fruit wastes must be treated before they are released into the environment. Meanwhile, the fruit wastes have been reported about their functional properties and nutritional as bio-enzyme. This preliminary study aimed to provide information about metagenome bacteria of bio-enzymes from orange fruit wastes treated with different concentrations of probiotics in anaerobic fermentation. Bio-enzyme was a fermented solution made from a mixture of 15 g brown sugar: 5 kg orange fruit waste: and 12 L water. The fermentation process was carried out for 1 month and then the bioenzyme sample was taken 1 L for metagenome analysis. The metagenomic analysis was carried out using the next-generation sequencing (NGS) method for the 16S rRNA gene of bacteria by amplicon full-length sequencing with nanopore sequencing. In this research, phylum Pseudomonadota (Proteobacteria), class Betaproteobacteria, order Burkholderiales, and family Comamonadaceae were the predominant bacterial group of the bio-enzyme that produced from orange fruit waste. Identification of bacterial species in the next research becomes important to understand the role of bacterial species in the biochemical metabolism of bio-enzyme products from orange fruit waste.AbstrakLimbah buah-buahan dilaporkan sebagai salah satu penyumbang utama produksi limbah makanan. Limbah buah mempunyai dampak terhadap lingkungan sehingga perlu ditangani. Limbah buah harus diolah terlebih dahulu untuk mengurangi dampak negatifnya sebelum dibuang ke lingkungan. Sementara itu, limbah buah telah dilaporkan mengenai sifat fungsional dan nutrisinya sebagai bio-enzim. Penelitian awal ini bertujuan untuk memberikan informasi mengenai diversitas metagenom bakteri yang terdapat di produk bioenzim yang diproduksi dari limbah buah jeruk yang diberi perlakuan konsentrasi probiotik berbeda dalam fermentasi anaerobik. Bio-enzim merupakan larutan fermentasi yang terbuat dari campuran 15 g gula merah : 5 kg limbah buah jeruk : 12 L air. Proses fermentasi dilakukan selama 1 bulan dan kemudian sampel bioenzim diambil sebanyak 1 L untuk dianalisis metagenom. Analisis metagenomik bakteri dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode next-generation sequencing (NGS) untuk analisis 16S rRNA gene melalui sekuensing amplikon dengan nanopore sequencing. Pada penelitian ini, keberadaan bakteri pada bio-enzim yang diproduksi dari limbah buah jeruk. Filum Pseudomonadota (Proteobacteria), kelas Betaproteobacteria, ordo Burkholderiales, dan famili Comamonadaceae merupakan kelompok bakteri yang dominan di bio-enzim yang diproduksi dari limbah buah jeruk. Identifikasi spesies bakteri pada penelitian selanjutnya menjadi penting untuk mengetahui peranan spesies-spesies bakteri di metabolisme biokimiawi dari produk bio-enzim dari limbah buah jeruk.