As the most consumed source of animal protein in Southern Algeria, this study focused on monitoring the quality of fresh camel meat stored at different temperatures by analyzing some physicochemical and microbiological parameters according to national standards. Dried and salted camel meat, locally called (Kadid), was used as a control sample. The microbiological results of fresh camel meat showed a total aerobic mesophilic flora (TAMF) load of 5,8 Log10 CFU/g, 3,86 Log10 CFU/g for total coliforms, and 2,95 Log10 CFU/g for fecal coliforms. All samples analyzed were free of pathogenic bacteria, namely coagulase-positive staphylococci (CoPS), Listeria monocytogenes, and Salmonella spp. However, coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) species with a load of 3,47 Log10 CFU/g were identified as follows: S. saprophyticus and S. epidermidis. In less than 7 days, sample B stored at room temperature experienced deterioration, with the microbial load exceeding the maximum acceptable threshold (M) set by national regulations, along with changes in physicochemical parameters, rendering the product unfit for consumption. This degradation was faster compared to the sample A stored at a maximum temperature of +10°C. However, for the control sample, the physicochemical results of dried and salted camel meat (Kadid) showed an acidic medium (pH=5,26). The analyzed samples had moisture content (MC %), sodium chloride content (SCC %), and total solid content (TSC %) of 10,73%, 0,3% (3g/L), and 89,27%, respectively. From a microbiological points of view, fresh camel meat stored at +10°C meets national legislation requirements for a maximum storage of one month. In contrast, the physicochemical and microbiological characteristics of dried and salted camel meat (Kadid) allow it to be preserved for an extended period, even at room temperature. The traditional method of preparing and preserving the meat has proven effective against microbial contaminants. It maintains a balance of physicochemical parameters that enhance preservation and improve the nutritional and organoleptic quality compared to chilled fresh camel meat. 

Improvement in practices among farmers could play a major role in the reduction of brucellosis among farmers in the farming areas. The study aimed at assessing the practices enhancing the prevalence of brucellosis among rural women farmers in Kwara state, Nigeria. Three hundred women farmers were interviewed using a questionnaire with questions about socio-economic characteristics, living conditions of the respondents and their animals, level of awareness about brucellosis and practices they engaged in. Descriptive statistics, chi square and Pearson Product Moment Correlation were used to analyze data collected. About 72.0% of the respondents were aware of brucellosis. The study also revealed that 71.0% identified consumption of raw cow milk as a practice enhancing brucellosis transmission, 71.3% consumed raw cattle milk, majority consumed raw cattle meat products, 65.3% had contacts with infected people, 72.0% also had contact with infected cattle, 66.7% dumped of aborted cattle on the street and 72.0% treated sick cattle at home. Conclusively, Consumption of raw cow milk, consumption of raw cattle milk, consumption of raw cattle meat products, contact with infected people, contact with infected cattle, dumping of aborted cattle on the street and treating sick cattle at home were identified to be practices engaged in by the women farmers that enhanced the prevalence of brucellosis transmission. There is need for training programmes on preventive practices especially the rural women who have closest proximity to livestock in order to prevent human and animal morbidity and reduce the burden of brucellosis.

Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.)De.Wit is cultivated in Iraq as an ornamental plant .In this paper anatomical characters of different parts of Leucaena leucocephala were studied in details ,the study included the characteristics of the epidermal cells ,as the anticlinal walls and the distribution of stomatal complexes of the leaflet ,stem, calyx and corolla .The ornamentation of cuticle as well as the internal structure of the stem ,pulvinus ,petiole ,leaflet and fruit were described , different types of crystals distribution in different parts of the plant also present .It was found that most characters have a good taxonomic value as a diagnostic characters for this species.

The experiment was conducted on fig trees, Diyala black variety, at the age of ( 13) years, in one of the orchards affiliated to the General Directorate of Vocational Education / Vocational Section in Diwaniyah Mixed Agricultural Preparatory School / Qadisiyah Governorate for the season 2022, 81 black Diyala fig trees, homogeneous in size, height, and growth strength as much as possible, were selected, planted at dimensions (4 x 4) meters, and irrigated by a plate method, in order to study the response of fig trees to pruning (0, 25, and 50%) and spraying with gibberellin (0, 30, and 60 mg.L -1 ) and chelated iron (0, 1, and 2 g.l -1 ) in the nutrients content of fig leaves of Black Diyala variety, the experiment was designed as a factorial according to the randomized block design (RCBD), the experiment included 27 treatments with three replications and were distributed randomly in three sectors, tree branches were pruned last season on 1/1/2022 and trees were sprayed with gibberellin and chelated iron in the early morning, starting on 3/15/2022, the spraying was repeated every 15 days three times. Chelated iron three days after spraying gibberellin. The results showed that the levels of pruning and the concentrations of spraying gibberellin and chelated iron on the trees were positive in increasing the content of the branches of the nutrients under study compared to the comparison treatments, whether single or combined. % for nitrogen, 0.198, 0.166, and 0.152% for phosphorus, 0.887, 0.782, and 0.755% for potassium, 0.541, 0.506, and 0.493% for calcium, and 0.541, 0.506, and 0.493 mg kg -1 dry matter, respectively, while recorded The overlap coefficients P 2 G 2 , P 2 F 2 , and G 2 F 2 recorded 1.49, 1.43, 1.30% nitrogen, 0.237, 0.212, 0.179% phosphorus, 0.935, 0.905, 0.794% potassium, 0.569, 0.549, 0.513% calcium, and 57.89%. And 54.78 and 47.47 mg kg -1 dry material for the element iron, respectively. As for the triple interaction between the factors, the treatment P 2 G 2 F 2 recorded the best results in these characteristics, amounting to 1.55% nitrogen, 0.267% phosphorus, 0.944% potassium, 0.577%, and 59.19 mg kg -1 dry matter for the iron element.

Currently, Ethiopia has the second-highest national average yield reported in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), only below South Africa. But maize production in Ethiopia is constantly threatened by the potential outbreak of major foliar diseases such as turcicum leaf blight (TLB) and gray leaf spot (GLS). These diseases are characterized by relatively rapid leaf necrosis and premature death of foliage which eventually reduces grain yield. The diseases become a major problem in all major maize growing areas. Development of host resistance to these diseases can provide an important component of integrated disease management; which is the most effective and practical method of managing maize diseases. The study was conducted to evaluate the reaction of quality Protein maize inbred lines to TLB and GLS in the main cropping season during 2018. The inbred lines were obtained from Bako National Maize Research Center, breeding program, and it was arranged using alpha-lattice design with two replications and the inbred lines were inoculated with TLB and GLS disease inoculum under field condition and the experiments were set in separate field trial in respective disease. Disease severity (1-5 scale) was used to assess at ten days intervals from disease onset until the maize attained senescence. All the inbred lines showed symptoms of both diseases during the season, but the intensity of the diseases differed significantly (P<0.05) among the inbred lines. Accordingly, out of 42 genotypes screened for both TLB and GLS,

Globally, there is a severe problem with antibiotic resistance in animals and humans. It may result in diseases that are extremely challenging to treat. In certain situations, conventional antibiotics used to treat an illness may no longer be effective in poultry and an alternative treatment is used. Therefore, using probiotics instead of antibiotic therapy to treat specific health issues in both humans and animals can achieve the desired result, such as preventing infectious zoonotic diseases and enhancing general health. Probiotics are friendly live microorganisms like normal flora, when consumed in a sufficient dose which produces positive effects on the host. This review aimed to prove that using probiotics in poultry instead of antibiotics can fight the spread of pathogenic bacteria such as Salmonella and Campylobacter to humans by ingestion of undercooked poultry meat infected with these bacteria and also increase antibiotic resistance to humans. Finally, concluded that probiotics play a potential role in the spread of antibiotic-resistance genes in our natural environments, we believe it is crucial to implement proper regulation on their use in both livestock and human applications globally.

Field experiment conducted at winter season 2022-2023 on clay sandy soil in Al-Diwanyia. The experiment was design as CRBD with three replications arranged for split-pilot design, in lest significant differences ( LSD0.05 )the main treatment contend two groups inoculation and non inoculation within there four levels of Nano Zn( 0 , 1 , 2 , 3) g.L-1. I took sample of soil before planting to analysis it and to learn physical and chemical traits. Mung bean were sowing at rate20 kg.ha-1(3cm depth) at 1/9 , after 5 months I took a sample to measure . The results showed all factors and interactions were significant effect and increased all growth traits (plant content of protein , carbohydrates total Chlorophyll and fats,) lead to increased grain yield max values (8.2 Ton.ha-1) at interaction of Glomus mosseae e inoculation and 3 g.L-1 Nano Zn level, while min value(5.81 Ton.ha-1) at interaction no inoculation and 0 g.L-1 Nano Zn level.

The study examined the use of social media among the agricultural students of tertiary institutions in Kwara State, Nigeria. One hundred and twenty agricultural students was selected in four tertiary institutions in Kwara State, Nigeria. The data collected was analysed with the use of frequency count, Percentage, Mean and Standard deviation. The result revealed that 20.8 years was the average age of the respondents. About 64.2% were male and about 91.7% gets information through social media. The average monthly money used for buying data for subscription was 1922.00 Naira and the average hours spent on social media per day was 7.38 hours. About 77.5 % of the respondents uses smart phones to access social media platforms. Facebook (93.3%) was the most frequently used social media platform. Communication/calling (87.5%) was the main motive for using social media. Social media makes communication to be faster (=4.11) was the highest ranked perception statement. High cost of data ((=2.64) was the highest ranked factor affecting the use of social media. The study therefore recommends that data service providers should consider reducing the price of data and government should make policies that will be of benefits to data users.

A total of twelve bacterial isolates from different samples of yoghurt and milk purchased from local markets in Diwaniyah Governorate. The preliminary screening was carried out all bacterial isolates by gram staining. The six isolates were selected based on the intensity of colour variation in the fermentation medium and were identified according to phenotypic, microscopic, and biochemical examinations, which included twelve isolates of Lactobacillus spp. Vitek II Compact instrument was used with all isolates to confirm the initial identification. The secondary screening was performed for isolates of Lactobacillus spp.species. Given the amount of the produced lactic acid, the L.casei strain 1859 had the highest lactic acid production, which was 64.32 g/L. The 16S rRNA test allowed the identification of this isolate. The results showed that the best conditions for acid production were 62.76 mg/L and the L.casei strain 9836 grown on the alternative medium containing 50 % whey, 7% molasses, and pH 6.9, incubated on an orbital shaker at 38°C for 24 hours, and agitated at 250 rpm. FTIR techniques were used to identify the nucleus of the hydrogen atom (proton) 1 H and the carbon atoms 13 C in the presence of standard lactic acid for comparison. The results revealed the peaks and bands of the produced acid were some similar to that of the standard acid.

Climate changes affect the economic viability of livestock. Therefore, this study aimed to characterize the heat stress in Holstein cattle raised in the arid region of Tunisia as well as to evaluate the effect of the temperature-humidity index (THI) on daily milk production and components. For this reason, 76940 monthly individual records collected from 1995 to 2018 from 3056 Holstein cows were used. THI calculated from ambient temperature and relative humidity was used as a measure of heat stress. To study the effect of THI on milk production, a repeated measures linear mixed model was used. Results showed a significant (P<0.01) decrease in daily milk yield, daily protein, and fat content in all cow’s parity classes. For each point increase of the THI values beyond 64, milk yield, fat, and protein contains decreased by 0.32 kg, 0.09, and 0.06 %, respectively. Moreover, when the THI value varied from 64 to 85, fat content decreased by 29 %, protein by 17 %, and milk production by 30 %. Heat stress impact negatively milk production and milk components of dairy cows. These results can be a way to improve the length of productive life for Holstein dairy cattle in the hard climate. Serious management strategies are needed to improve dairy cow productivity and minimize the heat stress impact.