Physical tests and fitness components—particularly the extraordinary power of limbs—are fundamental factors in achieving high athletic performance, as they play a direct role in the successful technical execution of gymnastics skills, especially the vault over the apparatus. Given the noticeable weakness in the technical level of this skill among some students, and examination of the relationship between explosive strength and technical performance is required. The study sought to identify the contribution rate of explosive arm and leg strength to the measured technical performance level of the straddle vault among second-year students of the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, and to predict the level of technical performance based on these variables. A descriptive correlational survey method was employed. The sample consisted of 60 students from Salahaddin University. Explosive strength tests and technical performance evaluation were used, and SPSS was used to analyze the data, revealing a significant contribution of explosive strength to technical performance, enabling the development of accurate predictive equations. In light of this, the researcher recommends focusing on the development of explosive power within educational and training programs..

Team sports, especially handball, require a close link between physical fitness and cognitive skills. Excellent performance is not just about strength; it also relies heavily on perception, focus, and rapid decision-making during competitions. Considering this importance, the present study aimed to develop an educational framework based on cognitive modeling strategies and to assess its impact on enhancing the accuracy of jump shots among fourth-year students at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Al-Muthanna, during the 2024–2025 academic year. The researchers used an experimental design with two comparable groups and pre- and post-tests. The sample included 20 students who were randomly chosen and evenly split into an experimental group and a control group. The experimental group participated in a six-week instructional program based on the cognitive modeling strategy, aiming to connect mental understanding of performance with motor execution requirements. Meanwhile, the control group continued training using traditional teaching methods. The statistical results demonstrated improvements in the accuracy of the jump shot for both groups; however, the experimental group experienced a significantly greater increase, with a development rate of 45.88% compared to 17.18% for the control group. The study concluded that the cognitive modeling strategy is an effective instructional tool for integrating thinking with motor performance, and that it enhances decision-making efficiency and skill accuracy among handball students.

ان أهمية هذه الاستراتيجية تكمن في إمكانية جعل المتعلمين فاعلين في غرفة الصف مما يدفعهم الى الإفادة من خبراتهم المعرفية السابقة، وتوظيفها في النقاش لحل مشكلات قد يواجهها الطلاب في تعلم المهارات الكشفية. ويهدف البحث الى الكشف عن فاعلية أنموذج التدريس الواقعي في التحصيل المعرفي لمادة التربية الكشفية والكشف.عن فاعلية أنموذج التدريس الواقعي في تنمية التفكير الناقد لدى طلاب السنة الدراسية الأولى في. كلية .التربية.البدنية.وعلوم.الرياضة . واستخدم الباحث المنهج التجريبي لملاءمته لطبيعة البحث، وكان مجتمع.البحث.من طلاب السنة الدراسية الاولى في كلية التربية البدنية وعلوم الرياضة بجامعة الموصل للعام الدراسي (2024-2025)، أما عينة البحث تم اختيارها بصورة عمدية ، تكونت من الشعبتين (د ، ط) وبعدد إجمالي بلغ (40) طالباً، تم تقسيمهم الى مجموعتين (تجريبية وضابطة) بواقع (20) طالباً لكل مجموعة، وتمثلت المتغيرات المستقلة استراتيجية التدريس الواقعي والأسلوب الاعتيادي، حيث تم تدريس المجموعة التجريبية باستراتيجية التدريس الواقعي اما المجموعة الضابطة بالأسلوب الاعتيادي وكانت-مدة-التجربة-متساوية لمجموعتي-البحث ولمدة (8) أسابيع، وبواقع وحدة تعليمية واحدة اسبوعياً وتم اجراء القياسات القبلية والبعدية لمتغيرات البحث (اختبار التفكير الناقد، واختبار التحصيل المعرفي) واستعان الباحث في استخراج نتائجه على برنامج الحزمة الإحصائية SPSS واستنتج الباحث فاعلية استراتيجية التدريس الواقعي في اختبار التحصيل المعرفي في اكتساب لبعض مفاهيم التربية الكشفية وفاعلية استراتيجية التدريس الواقعي في تنمية التفكير الناقد وتفوق طلبة المجموعة.التجريبية في اختبار التحصيل.المعرفي وتنمية التفكير الناقد مقارنة بطلاب المجموعة الضابطة.

This study aims to develop the available sports capacities at Soran University and to identify the importance of marketing in colleges of physical education. The research was conducted on 31 faculty members from the College of Physical Education at Soran University, who were intentionally selected to represent the study population. The selection was based on specific research variables, including position, years of experience, and academic qualifications. The validity of the study was statistically verified using SPSS software. The results indicated that the overall level of sports marketing's role in developing sports activities at Soran University was very high, despite issues such as a lack of funding, weak planning, and the absence of qualified personnel. However, statistical analyses revealed no statistically significant differences regarding the role of marketing. The reliability and validity of the questionnaire were confirmed using Pearson correlation coefficients, the extreme groups method, and Cronbach’s alpha coefficient, which confirmed its effectiveness as a measurement tool. Scientifically, this study contributes to understanding the dynamics of sports marketing within the local context, focusing on the economic and administrative challenges facing sports activities at Soran University. The research addresses the vital role that sports marketing plays in enhancing the performance and sustainability of sports activities at Soran University. With the increasing professional and commercial nature of sports, marketing has become a vital function of modern sports institutions. This study reviews the challenges facing sports marketing at the university level and proposes strategic solutions to leverage marketing in support of and development within the sports sector. The research problem lies in the university’s heavy dependence on government funding, which limits its ability to support and expand sports programs. There is also a clear gap in the existence of strategic marketing plans, weak private sector participation, and poor utilization of internal resources. The researcher believes that without adopting effective marketing practices and diversifying funding sources, the university’s sports sector will remain unable to grow and compete.

The importance of this study lies in understanding how reverse learning affects the process of acquiring and achieving performance in the long jump among college students efficiently, saving time and effort. It also aims to highlight its positive impact on reaching desired learning outcomes and improving students’ performance levels within the college environment. Therefore, using alternative (new) teaching methods is seen as the best way to move away from traditional approaches. Accordingly, the researcher decided to study the impact of the reverse learning method on students' learning and achievement in the long jump, aiming to find an effective teaching approach that helps instructors reach their educational goals efficiently and effectively. The study aimed to: Examine the impact of using reverse learning and traditional methods on students' acquisition and achievement in the long jump event. The researcher employed the experimental method. The study sample included 36 students, divided into two groups: 18 students in the experimental group, which used the reverse learning method, and 18 students in the control group, which used the traditional method. The sample was selected through simple random sampling (lottery method). The participants were matched based on age, height, and weight. The program lasted for seven weeks, with two sessions per week for each group, aligned with their respective learning methods. Each session was 90 minutes long. The researcher utilized several statistical tools that helped achieve the study's objectives. The researcher reached the following main conclusions: Both teaching methods had a positive and effective impact on learning the long jump event. The reverse learning method outperformed the traditional method in learning the long jump event. The reverse learning method outperformed the traditional method in performance achievement in the long jump event

The present study aims to: Employ the variables of work and anthropometric measurements in the pull-up test. Identify the contribution rates of the study variables to the pull-up test through the best regression model applied to the adjusted scores derived from the raw test scores. Establish new standards and levels for the test in light of work and anthropometric variables. The researchers adopted the descriptive method using the survey approach. The sample consisted of 79 advanced-level players from clubs in Nineveh Governorate participating in team sports (football, futsal, basketball, volleyball, and handball). To obtain the necessary data, the researchers utilized the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). They applied several statistical tools, including mean, standard deviation, percentage, mode, skewness coefficient, Pearson’s simple correlation coefficient, and multiple regression. The study reached the following main conclusions: The displacement value per single ascent in the pull-up test amounted to 90% of the arm length measured from the shoulder joint to the joint between the metacarpals and phalanges. There is a significant correlation between the dependent variable (repetition) and the independent variables (work, body mass, and arm length) in the pull-up test, with a correlation coefficient of 0.972. The study variables (work and anthropometric measurements) contributed to performance (repetition) in the pull-up test.

The study aimed to identify the values of some biomechanical variables during the hurdle clearance steps (1-4-8) and their relationship to performance in the 100-meter hurdles for advanced female athletes. The researcher used the descriptive approach with a correlational method, as it suits the nature of the study. The study sample was intentionally selected and consisted of five (5) female hurdlers from the advanced category who represented their clubs in the Iraqi Clubs and Institutions Athletics Championship in the 100-meter hurdles. These athletes were officially registered in the records of the Iraqi Central Athletics Federation for the year (2021–2022) and had achieved the best results in the Iraq Championship. The data were statistically processed using the arithmetic mean, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, and Pearson correlation coefficient. Based on the analysis, the researchers reached the following conclusions: There was a significant correlation between some biomechanical variables in the flight phase before the hurdle and performance in the 100m hurdles, as follows: Between the first hurdle and performance (variable 2) Between the fourth hurdle and performance (variable 5) Between the eighth hurdle and performance (variable 4) There was a significant correlation between some biomechanical variables in the flight phase after the hurdle and performance in the 100m hurdles, as follows: Between the first hurdle and performance (variable 1) Between the eighth hurdle and performance (no correlation found) There was a significant correlation between some biomechanical variables in the hurdle clearance phase and performance in the 100m hurdles, as follows: Between the first hurdle and performance (variable 3) Between the fourth hurdle and performance (variable 1) Between the eighth hurde and performance (variable 2)

Mental training constitutes a fundamental component in preparing athletes for competition. It involves the visualization of movements, their sequence, situational contexts, objectives, and all dimensions of competitive performance. The first aim of the current study was to examine the impact of a training program accompanied by mental training on the development of selected perceptual-motor abilities related to the skills of spiking and blocking, and the second aim was to investigate the effect of a training program accompanied by mental training in overcoming the learning plateau in the skills of spiking and blocking among the female volleyball players of Sanharib (Sennacherib) Sports Club. Using an experimental approach, the program was tested on eight players (excluding setters and liberos) during their 2022–2023 preseason preparation for a regional championship. The results revealed notable improvements: participants significantly boosted their spiking accuracy and perceptual-motor skills (e.g., coordination, timing) after the intervention. However, blocking skills showed only marginal gains, suggesting this technique may require more specialized training. Crucially, the combined mental-physical regimen helped athletes push past the “learning plateau,” a common hurdle in skill mastery. These findings highlight the importance of mental training in sports not just for focus but for reshaping how athletes process complex movements. By blending cognitive exercises with practice, coaches can foster resilience and adaptability, offering a blueprint to refine training programs for competitive athletes. The study underscores the value of holistic approaches in sports science, where mindset and mechanics work hand-in-hand to unlock peak performance

Organizational normalization stands out as one of the important pillars for effective engagement with the directorate's culture and its goals. It also extends to integrating staff into the organizational fabric, enhancing their sense of belonging and loyalty, and motivating them to perform at their best. And the research aims to: Preparing a questionnaire for organizational normalization in the youth and sports directorates in Iraq. Identifying the level of organizational normalization in the youth and sports directorates. he researchers used the descriptive approach in line with the nature of the current research. The research community included all the staff of the Youth and Sports Directorates, numbering (5230) male and female employees, distributed over (17) directorates in (15) governorates. The research sample was selected using the cluster method, and included the staff working in the Youth and Sports Directorates, numbering (755) male and female employees, excluding the directorate directors, their assistants, and the heads of the administrative divisions. The sample was divided into three samples: the first is the exploratory application sample, numbering (38) male and female employees. The second is the preparation and construction sample, numbering (453) male and female employees. The third is the final application sample of the two research tools, numbering (264) male and female employees level. The researchers concluded the following: the Youth and Sports Directorates (Nineveh, Kirkuk, Karbala, and Salah al-Din) adopt Babil, Wasit, Muthanna, Maysan, and Diyala) adopt a low-level organizational normalization. The administrations of the Youth and Sports Directorates (Karkh, Rusafa, Sadr City, Diwaniyah, and Anbar) adopt a medium-level organizational normalization. The administrations of the Youth and Sports Directorates (Basra, Najaf, and Dhi Qar) adopt a high-level organizational normalization.

The study aims to: To develop a narcissistic personality scale for players of selected team sports. To identify the degree of narcissistic personality and achievement motivation among players of selected team sports. To examine the relationship between narcissistic personality and achievement motivation among players of selected team sports. The study employed the descriptive method using both survey and correlational approaches. The study population consisted of 336 players from the university teams of Iraq in futsal and volleyball from the northern region. The study sample included 208 players, representing 61.90% of the original study population from the northern region university teams available to the study participants—121 players (58.17%) from futsal teams and 87 players (41.83%) from volleyball teams. The study's participants used a narcissistic personality scale and a sports achievement motivation scale as study instruments. Data were analyzed using statistical software packages (Excel, SPSS) to obtain the study results. Findings: The narcissistic personality scale developed by the researchers is valid for players of selected team sports. The study sample demonstrated a moderate level of narcissistic personality. The study sample showed a high level of achievement motivation in sports. There was no correlation between narcissistic personality and achievement motivation among the study sample.