The majority of deaf and hard of hearing students are taught in public schools. Many of these students are taught by itinerant teachers who report their primary areas of instruction are language, reading, and writing (Antia & Rivera, 2016; Luckner & Ayantoye, 2013). The purpose of this qualitative case study was to examine (1) how strategic and interactive writing instruction (SIWI) was implemented by three itinerant teachers of the deaf in one rural, one urban, and one affluent school district and (2) what context-specific variables impacted their writing instruction. Through observations of a unit of their writing instruction for informative writing, scoring their fidelity for that writing unit, and conducting interviews about their instruction, the researchers concluded that the itinerant teacher participants were able to implement SIWI with typical fidelity for teachers in their first year of using this instruction technique. Their unique insights highlighted ways that the interactive instruction principles of the instructional fidelity instrument could be revised to better align with the educational contexts of itinerant teachers. They also reported four main challenges to their writing instruction: working with general education teachers, district-related factors, time, and physical space and organization.

When an instructional strategy lacks evidence of its effectiveness with certain learner groups, educators can conduct action research in their classroom to determine strategy effectiveness. In the present study, seven preservice teachers of the deaf (TODs) implemented self-graphing interventions with deaf/hard of hearing (DHH) learners to change target on- and off-task behaviors. Preservice teachers were master's-level candidates in a university teacher preparation program. DHH learners were 5-16 years old, attended general education classrooms at their local schools or schools for the deaf, and used multiple forms of communication/language. Candidates successfully completed ABAB design studies, and three candidates collected maintenance data after the interventions were withdrawn. They conducted their studies with high interobserver agreement. All DHH learners changed their target behavior when self-graphing was introduced. This study expands self-graphing evidence from high-incidence disability groups to a diverse group of DHH students.

Accessible and inclusive participation in sport can provide significant physical, psychological, and social benefits to Deaf or hard of hearing (D/HH) athletes. To understand how to facilitate these benefits, the researchers explored the lived physical education and sport experiences of D/HH collegiate athletes. Six athletes representing six sports were recruited and interviewed. Utilizing an interpretative phenomenological analysis approach to guide data collection, analysis, and interpretation, the researchers found five major themes: Self-Advocating for Awareness, Finding Meaningful Conversations, Overcoming Challenges, Seeking Community Connection, and Escaping Through Physical Activity. These themes illustrate the influence of accessibility and inclusion on the participants' sport experiences as well as the impact of the disability awareness of their coaches and peers. D/HH athletes and their coaches and teammates should work to overcome barriers to accessibility and inclusion to ensure the maximum benefit of being on a college sports team.

The SKI-HI Deaf Mentor Program is an early intervention model that supports families in creating an effective bilingual environment (American Sign Language [ASL]/English) with their deaf or hard of hearing child. The program can be adopted and implemented in any state. A Deaf Mentor is a deaf or hard of hearing adult specifically trained to engage with and teach families ASL using the Deaf Mentor Curriculum Manual. The program and materials were created for face-to-face delivery to families in home settings. When COVID-19 lockdowns and stay-at-home orders went into place in March 2020, Deaf Mentors had to think creatively to provide services to families virtually. This created a variety of challenges as well as new learning opportunities. The authors discuss both the challenges and positive experiences shared by Deaf Mentors about shifting family services to a virtual platform.

To explore the roles of character recognition, expressive vocabulary, and syntactic awareness in deaf and hard of hearing (DHH) students' reading fluency, 52 Chinese DHH students (mean age = 13.29 years) in elementary school participated in the present study. The results showed that character recognition, expressive vocabulary, and syntactic awareness significantly predicted DHH students' reading fluency after age and nonverbal reasoning ability were controlled for. Specifically, character recognition and syntactic awareness uniquely and significantly accounted for the variance in reading fluency beyond the effect of the other two predictors in children in lower grades (grades 1-3), whereas the unique effects of expressive vocabulary and syntactic awareness were significant in children in higher grades (grades 4-6). These findings suggested that these three factors are important to Chinese DHH students' reading fluency, but that their relative contributions vary across different stages in elementary school.

Sensorimotor integration is an unconscious process of the brain incorporating multiple senses and movement. This review aimed to synthesize the literature on the role of visual-motor integration in language learning, whether spoken or signed, for deaf and hard of hearing (D/HH) children. Nineteen peer-reviewed studies published between 1980 and 2021 were identified. The number and age of the participants, their hearing status, types of hearing technology, communication modalities, assessment, and findings were synthesized. The review suggests that visual-motor integration and motor development are predictors of spoken language performance. The visual-motor pathway appears to be crucial in sign language learning for D/HH children, and phonological characteristics of sign language facilitate their language development through neural processing. While additional empirical research is needed, the conclusions of this review suggests that D/HH children, regardless of communication modality, may benefit from a focus on visual-motor integration in early childhood.