Employee engagement is the concept by which an employee’s intellectual and his emotional attachment to work and organization is measured. Employees of the hotels are to be engaged to reduce employee turnover, enhance customer satisfaction and improved service delivery that influences the sustainability of the organization in an aggressively competitive market. This study examined the effect of employee engagement on service delivery in selected hotel establishments in Oyo State, Nigeria. A multistage sampling technique was employed to select and administer semi-structured questionnaires to seven hundred and eighty-seven (787) employees of 38 hotels in the 10 LGAs of Oyo State. The analysis was performed using SPSS statistical software and the result was presented descriptively in the form of tables while inferential test evaluated relationship among the key variables. Findings revealed that majority of the respondents (63.8%) agreed that the hotel provides them with meaningful work that aligns with their values and personal goals. Also, the results reveal that 59.0% of the respondents agreed that hotels provide them with a sense of purpose and fulfillment in their work that motivates them to deliver excellent service to customers. Results indicated that the majority of the respondents agreed that customer feedback and complaints are used to improve their products and service delivery in the hotel. This study revealed that there is a significant positive correlation between employee engagement approaches and service delivery. The study concludes that tailored engagement methods can significantly enhance service quality, customer satisfaction, and hotel competitiveness. Recommendations are provided for hotel managers and policymakers in Oyo State, to develop effective strategies for enhancing employee engagement and improving service delivery.

Performance evaluation is crucial for companies to monitor their efficiency and economic status. In the context of the natural gas marketing companies in Bangladesh, their profitability has declined, leading to challenges in meeting demand. The main objective of the study is to measure the efficiency and total factor productivity changes. For five natural gas marketing companies, 10 years of data were analyzed to measure efficiency. Both non-financial indicators (input purchase units, workforce, No. of customers, length of distribution network, output- sales units) and financial indicators (input capital, cost of goods sold, operating expenses, total assets, output- profit) are used to measure efficient by applying Data envelopment analysis (DEA) and Malmquist DEA. Based on the result, newly established companies are more efficient, and the total factor productivity growth is better. To become more productive and move up to the position of an efficient company, the inefficient one should cut down on its excessive input components. The management should optimize employee use and renovate the distribution network with new technology. Innovation in technology and infrastructure development, such as AI systems for operation, leakage findings and maintenance, pressure control, online metering, and metering for all types of customers, can improve technological efficiency and reduce system loss.

Importance, comprehensiveness, verifiability, neutrality, timeliness, comparability, and integrity characterize a well-defined financial report of any organisation. Nigeria has a thoroughly reviewed accounting system which is a major factor that enhances the profitability of most NGOs. For anybody to collect genuine data from a real source, a questionnaire has to be drafted and used. The results so obtained were analysed, and in most cases, presented in the form of percentages, averages, and standard deviations. The intended respondents off this research included financial professionals of renowned non-profit organizations in Rivers State of Nigeria. The respondents distributed a total of 55 questionnaires and returned 50 questionnaires, representing 90% of the total. To achieve a better analysis, the ANOVA One-way technique ware was used. Our findings revealed that, the accounting system has a substantial impact on the effectiveness of non-profit organizations. It is our recommendation that Non-profit organizations maintain adequate record-keeping in full compliance with the international reporting standards; follow proper recruitment procedures; carry out regular trainings for their accounting personnel in modern software on a constant schedule; carry out routing and annual auditing of their financial statements; and most importantly, incorporate good accounting and internal control systems.

A successful marketing strategy must tell an organization where there will want to be on a long term basis that is why is is often said that marketing strategy is a continuous process. Marketing strategy is seen as the business logic in which a firm can achieve its performance in the business organization there is no activity where the marketer must not therefore make a right decision about the four marketing mis strategies which is the price the product place or distribution and the promotion. This strategies must be done to ensure that a product performs it objectives in the market. Mobile cellular networks have revolutionized the communication sector to the extent that mobile phones have become the most preferred method of communication across the globe. MTN Cameroon was the second mobile telephone company established in year 2000. It is a private institution and it enjoyed its existence without a major competitor till the Emergence of it competitors Orange and Nextel. However MTN have been involved is very serious market strategies outsmarting one another in the process. The difference in their market strategies could better explain such margins. This assertion would better be justified through an in-depth research on the marketing strategies of MTN Cameroon and the impact they have had on their company. MTN great market share and potential and equally its productivity in business all through this long period of time and comparative advantage over time and maintenance of this position as telecommunications leader can logically be attributed to the mind blowing marketing strategies that this company uses, its marketing strategy and equally the advertisement secures the market shares and hence one can logically conclude say from the analysis of our case study- MTN Cameroon that good marketing strategies and equally positive good practices ensures the performance of the company and hence success both in the short and long run alongside a greater market share and comparative advantage over all other.

The subject of this thesis is a phenomenon of guerrilla marketing, an innovative and unconventional form of marketing that emerged relatively recently and became a popular tool of marketing. In Cameroon there have been the opening of many new churches, especially the Pentecostal and evangelical churches who aim at the prosperity gospel. Neochurches are an offspring of the traditional churches with their leaders having a celebrity status and miracles, deliverance and prosperity their main market offerings. Most of these churches have not had significant growths in terms of membership as compared to the traditional churches. There are 89 religious denominations in Cameroon. Cameroon is you see so many churches opening and ending up w very poor membership growth and after 3 or 4 years they shut down. Also if new churches follow the various steps on how to attract a crowd and keep them as permanent members of their churches most new churches in Cameroon will excel in their numbers and membership. The main aim of this study to explore the marketing strategies used by these churches to win new members and keep existing ones and propose innovative marketing strategies to improve on their market position. The results from this exploratory study ahows that here is evidence to prove that all new churches need a good marketing plan to succeed and avoid stagnant growth or shutting down due to few membership in the churches. Marketing is necessary for all organizations both profit making and non profit making organizations and hence churches are not an exclusion. Most neochurches in Cameroon focus to pull a crowd to the Sunday services and special events like crusades and retain the existing members by overt signs of miracles, deliverance, testimonies of prosperity and inspiring massages. It is recommended that these Neochurches should exploit the social media as one of the simplest ways to win in members into their churches and also maintain a fragrant media presence.

The synchronization and coordination of material flows is a key element in the supply chain management. To analyze the effects of coordinated replenishment for components, we consider an assembly system with two component-suppliers, one supply-hub and one manufacturer, under stochastic final product demand. We propose three different strategies: (i) the decentralized replenishment, (ii) the coordinated replenishment without coordinated quantity, and (iii) the coordinated replenishment policy with coordinated quantity for infinite planning horizon. We propose optimal decisions for all strategies. Results show that policy (ii) is always better than policy (i). We further identify the conditions under which the third strategy outperforms the other two. Policy (iii) is better on cost saving and service level, only when it satisfies certain conditions. Numerical studies are conducted to validate the model and to derive managerial implications.

Nowadays, the development of a third-party service (Express industry) and a third-party payment (Alipay) are very fast in online shopping. Despite there are many technologies to detect control flow errors in business process, the soundness verification in data flow is very hard. To support the design of a workflow, we usually consider the correct control flow structure. However, information about data flow should also be ensured correct. The operation of the system may suffer some external attacks, which makes the task change the read and write operations, which result in changing of control flow structure which would lead to the emergence of unusual system. As a result, our approach provides a new technology to analysis the correctness of sound free-choice Petri net with data (SCDN). With the strong concealment of this attack, the system may suffer false-negative data flow errors (FNE), which would bring some loses to the participants. On the basis of behavioral profiles (BP), redundant data flow errors (RDE) and missing data flow errors (MDE), we provide the theory of FNE to demonstrate the stability, effectiveness and adaptation of our detection methods. Finally, a real E-commerce business system is used to illustrate the practicability of the method provided in this paper.

<i>(I) Brief problem description:</i> With technology developing, many series products which have several generations appear in one market. The sales of new and old generations of a product in one market influences each other. <i>(II) The study aim:</i> In order to help the supply chain to obtain more benefits, this paper makes a study on the exiting of old generation products. <i>(III) Method: </i> Based on Fisher model and multi-generation product diffusion model, this paper establishes an optimal decision-making model for the exiting time of old generation product, and analyzes the relationship between the optimal exiting time of the old generation product and the technical level of the new generation product. <i>(IV) Result and conclusion:</i> Observations from this study include (1) when the profit of the new generation product sold only and that of the two generations sold simultaneously are the same, it is the optimal time for old generation product to exit market, and (2) the higher the technical level of new generation product is, the earlier old generation product will exit from market, and the more profit supply chain will get. <i>(V) Significance:</i> The research result will help some company make optimal decision-making for the exiting time of old generation product, and get more profit.

At present, costs of expressway routine maintenance are mainly estimated by calculations of the total costs of the maintenance activities of all structures including subgrades, pavements, bridges and culverts, tunnels and traffic facilities. In this method, engineering quantities of various maintaining activities are calculated in advance and then they are multiplied by the unit prices of each maintaining activity respectively in order to get the total costs. Considering the difficulty in accurately estimating the repairing quantity while calculating the costs of expressway routine maintenance, the paper deeply explores identified historical data of the costs of expressway routine maintenance by an improved Bootstrap method. Conclusion is drawn on the annual cost interval per lane kilometer of the routine maintenance of subgrades, pavements, bridges and culverts, tunnels and traffic facilities on expressways of Shaanxi Province as well as the proportion intervals of structures mentioned above. An efficient method by which calculations and evaluations are based on cost intervals and proportion intervals respectively is raised to estimate the engineering costs of expressway routine maintenance. The method is proved to be a new reliable and accurate one to estimate the costs of expressway routine maintenance as it efficiently calculates the engineering costs in real-life projects.

Over the past decade, e-commerce creates exciting new opportunities for business but also brings new web application vulnerabilities and transaction security risks. A stream of news of phishing attacks, website spoofing, payment card skimming (credit /debit cards), fraud in online transactions, malware attack (malicious code attack of viruses, worms, Trojans, and bots), hacker/cracker infiltration, vandalism, identity theft and data breaches of payment card or bank details are increasingly reported. Web application security risk management, therefore, is essential for secure e-commerce online transactions, including order processing, payment transaction, banking and clearing processing. Therefore, the main purpose of this study was to propose a web application security risk management methodology to perform e-commerce web application security risk management, helping organizations understand and improve their e-commerce web application security risks. In order to achieve this purpose, the goal of this study has been two-fold: (1) How will organizations measure threat likelihood, impact consequence and severity of their e-commerce web application security risk? (2) What management methodology is required to prompt the e-commerce web application security vulnerabilities measurement and improvement? Using OWASP Top Ten Vulnerabilities as target items, the proposed management methodology is disciplined in a PDCA based ISO/IEC 27005 iterative process activities, integrating Common Criteria attack potential ratings as threat likelihood scales and the FIPS 199 impact categories as impact consequence scales to categorize severity of every e-commerce web application vulnerabilities. Following the proposed management procedure, all the critical e-commerce web application vulnerabilities can be reviewed, analyzed, prioritized and remedied effectively and efficiently, moving on again in a continuous cycle.