In this study, iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) were synthesized via a green method utilizing P. atlantica leaf extract acting as a reducing and stabilizing agent. Controlled phase transformation is evaluated under the effect of pH (4–8) and calcination temperature (RT–600°C). The XRD confirmed a phase transformation from α-Fe2 O3 to γ-Fe2 O3 and Fe3 O4. Under the optimum condition of pH 7 and calcination ≥350°C, magnetite Fe3 O4 was prominently observed. The FESEM revealed that the size of the nanoparticles decreased to 34.9 nm as the pH increased. The indirect bandgap was revealed via optical properties as a gradual widening from 2.41 to 2.47 eV, which can be attributed to size-dependent effects associated with reduced nanoparticle dimensions. The nanoparticles demonstrated antibacterial activity against S. aureus and exhibited hemolysis below 5%, indicating acceptable hemocompatibility. These findings demonstrate the relationship between synthesis conditions, structural phases, and particle size, which emphasizes the possibility of plant-mediated IONPs for sustainable biomedical-related applications.

The traditional drug delivery technologies have serious limitations such as ineffective solubility of the drug, non-specific delivery, and less than optimal therapeutic responses. This review examines how artificial intelligence (AI) methods can be used to incorporate nanomaterial platforms, such as lipid nanoparticles, polymeric carriers, dendrimers, inorganic nanostructures, peptides, and hybrid systems to allow rational design and optimization of novel drug delivery. The AI models of supervised learning, deep neural networks, generative models, and reinforcement learning are used to overcome the classical methods of empirical exploration to conduct high-throughput screening, predicting biodistribution, tumor targeting efficacy, and controlled release kinetics. Among the most notable uses are in cancer therapy, delivery of genes (mRNA/siRNA), and stimuli-responsive systems, and improved delivery efficiency and performance in therapy have been shown in preclinical studies. There are still certain obstacles in the data standardization, model decipherability, manufacturing scalability, and regulatory endorsement, and joint endeavors are needed in the direction of clinical translation of AI-optimized nanomedicines. This is a synthesis of how AI can transform nanomedicine from a trial-and-error field to a predictive design that will enable precision therapeutics to be created and constructed to meet the most critical unmet needs in disease management.

This study aimed to optimize the ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) of Acalypha indica to maximize total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC), key contributors to its antidiabetic activity. Initial one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT) screening identified extraction temperature (ET), ultrasonication time (UT), and solid-to-solvent ratio (SLR) as significant parameters. These were further optimized using Box-Behnken Design (BBD) and Response Surface Methodology (RSM), yielding optimal conditions of 60°C, 30 minutes, and 20 g/mL. Under these conditions, TPC and TFC were 93.22 mg GAE/g and 27.82 mg QE/g, respectively, closely matching predicted values. The optimized UAE extract demonstrated significant α-amylase (IC50 50.43 μg/mL) and α-glucosidase (IC50 53.99 μg/mL) inhibition, supporting its antidiabetic potential. Network pharmacology analysis identified critical pathways including PI3K-Akt, MAPK, and insulin resistance, with key targets such as TLR4, STAT3, IGF1R, and PIK3R1 involved in glucose regulation. Molecular docking against human pancreatic α-amylase (4W93) and maltase-glucoamylase (3TOP) showed that acarbose had the strongest inhibition, while quercetin and kaempferol exhibited notable binding affinities, suggesting potential as natural enzyme inhibitors. Overall, this study establishes an optimized UAE protocol for Acalypha indica, integrating experimental and computational approaches, highlighting its antidiabetic efficacy, and providing a foundation for further pharmacological validation and formulation development.

Synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles was achieved by employing an aqueous extract of Kigelia africana fruit, followed by characterization using UV-Vis, FTIR, XRD, HR-TEM, TGA, and VSM methods. An absorption peak close to 320 nm was observed in the UV-Vis spectra, and XRD confirmed a wurtzite hexagonal structure, with an average crystallite size of roughly 25 nm. Spherical particles, between 5-50 nm, were observed in the HR-TEM images. The nanoparticles demonstrated strong resistance to heat and a faint attraction to magnets. Antibacterial activity, assessed via agar well diffusion with maximum zones of 23 mm against Escherichia coli and 21 mm against Staphylococcus aureus. At MIC, and MBC methods, showed significant inhibition against Escherichia coli (92.04%) and Staphylococcus aureus (79.78%). ZnO NPs also inhibited biofilm formation by over 80% in both strains. At 100 µg/mL, the antioxidant activity demonstrated an 81.91% scavenging of DPPH radicals. ZnO NPs exhibited moderate cytotoxicity in MCF-7 cells, achieving an IC₅₀ of roughly 265 µg/mL. These findings support the green synthesis of durable ZnO NPs, demonstrating antibacterial, antibiofilm, antioxidant, and modest anticancer capabilities. More mechanistic and in vivo studies are suggested to validate these findings.

The rising prevalence of antibiotics has led to the development of multidrug-resistant bacterial strains, posing a threat to human health and food safety. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles incorporation in surface coatings is considered as a viable alternative to antibiotics due to its photocatalytic properties, chemically stability, non-toxicity and affordability. The Ni-P based electroless nanocomposite platings are well-known for their antimicrobial, tribological and corrosion resistance applications. In this study the alkaline electroless Ni-P/Ni-P-TiO2 nanocomposites are deposited on the mild-steel (MS, AISI 1040 grade) substrate and characterized by means of SEM/EDAX/XRD technique for surface morphology and composition. The antibacterial efficacy of this coating was tested against bacteria Bacillus-subtilis 2896 through optical density measurement and disc diffusion assays. The result of surface morphological studies revealed that the TiO2 nanoparticles are steadily dispersed into electroless Ni-P matrix and the as-coated Ni-P/Ni-P-TiO2 nanocoating have amorphous structure, while heated depositions at 400oC resulted in crystalline structure. The antibacterial activity of coating is found to be correlated with their surface complexity, morphological disorder measured by Shannon entropy values. The antibacterial efficacy of these nanocoating have the following order: Ni-P-TiO2 as-coated > Ni-P-TiO2 heated at 400oC > Ni-P as-coated. This study demonstrates the potential of TiO2 nanoparticle-enhanced coatings as effective antimicrobial agent and Shanon Entropy as a metric for assessing it.

The detection and control of residual solvents directly affect the product quality and safety. Isopropylamine is one of the raw materials of sitagliptin phosphate and so far its detection has not been reported. We develop a new method for detecting isopropylamine in sitagliptin phosphate by headspace gas chromatography. Moreover, isopropylamine could be well separated from isopropanol. The column used for analysis was CP-Volamine (Agilent). The amounts of sodium chloride, ammonia water and sodium hydroxide were optimized. The concentration of limit of quantitation (LOQ) is 0.728 μg/mL and the concentration of limit of detection (LOD) is 0.340 μg/mL. The recovery rate was 90.4%-103.1% and the RSD of the recovery rate was 4.6%. Adjustments in the inlet temperature (±5°C) and the heating rate (±2°C/min) had no effect on the detection results. The method can be used to detect accurately isopropylamine in sitagliptin phosphate.

Suaeda vera Synon. S. fruticosa is a small succulent halophyte frequently found in the Mediterranean arid salt lands. This chenopod occurs along salt wetlands (Sebkha) in the Djelfa province of Algeria and has vital economic potential, particularly as livestock feed, a therapeutic plant, and a promising shrub for land rehabilitation. In this study, instrumental NAA was performed to measure selected macro-, trace, and rare earth elements “EEs” (Ca, Ce, Co, Cr, Eu, Fe, K, La, Lu, Na, Nd, Sc, Se, Sm, Tb, and Zn) in this saltbush. Results indicate that S. vera had significant amounts of Ca, Co, Cr, Fe, and K that were enough to fulfill the needs of livestock. The main essential elements in this halophyte were found to be in decreasing hierarchy of Na > K > Ca > Fe > Zn > Cr > Co > Se. Nevertheless, the REEs were in order pattern as Ce > La > Nd > Sc > Sm > Eu > Tb > Lu. Marginal levels of Zn and Se were detected in this species; nevertheless, Na concentration (∼60 g kg−1 DW) surpasses the needs of the animals. The levels of the hazardous components Sb and Br were much below the acceptable ranges proposed by the NRC database. These findings highlight that S. vera may be considered as a potential forage crop and emphasize its suitability for land restoration programs in saline drylands.

Enfortumab vedotin (EV) is an antibody-drug conjugate that’s applied to the treatment of urothelial carcinoma, or bladder cancer. EV was a microtubule-disrupting chemotherapeutic drug and human monoclonal antibody. The current research study used to develop the RP-HPLC technique with a photodiode array detector to set up a reliable, stability-indicating, rapid method for drug determination. By utilizing this technique, the final chromatographic conditions were achieved with a column Waters X-Terra RP-18 (250 mm x 4.6, 5 μm), and a mobile phase made with acetonitrile and 0.0149 M ammonium acetate buffer (pH-3), 5: 5 ratio, respectively by adopting isocratic elution. EV was detected at 271nm, and a satisfactory separation was achieved within 5.0 minutes of runtime with a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The method is linear from 25-150 μg/mL for EV (R2= 0.9998). Results of precision for EV (%RSD< 0.30%) were found within acceptable limits. Furthermore, the prescription drug was exposed to oxidation, reduction, photolysis, hydrolysis (acid, basic and neutral) and heat degradation. There is evidence that the suggested technique can stability indicating of the drug by separating it from the degradation products that result from its stress study. The efficiency of the suggested stability-indicating method is demonstrated by the forced degradation study’s results. The analysis of the cited medicine, EV, was accomplished successfully using the validated RP-HPLC method.

This paper derived relation between mass spectrometric variable intensity of analyte peaks and three-dimensional molecular structures of ions toward temperature utilising innovative stochastic dynamics equations, which provide exact analyte quantification and 3D structural analysis and are attractive formulas for modelling of mass spectrometric phenomena. The same equations are opened to develop new relations accounting for temperature; thus, providing argumentation about temperature dependent variables. High-temperature measurement of vapours are important tool, amongst others and use the Arrhenius’s plot. However, there is a variation between experimental and theoretical linear correlation toward temperature; thus, highlighting soft ionisation methods showing significant standard deviations. It could be explained with temperature perturbation of charge values. Descriptive models, so far, provide semi-quantification. This study, first shows validity of new functional model. Straightforwardly, its empirical proof is obtained determining 3D structurally protomers and isotopomers of configurationally locked polyenes via ultra-high resolution electrospray ionization and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry within the temperature range T=300-450°C. There are used high accuracy quantum chemical static methods, molecular dynamics and chemometrics. There are excellent method performances (|r|=0.99978). The tool could be regarded as an actually honest alternative of available theoretical models.

Owning to unique size dependent optical properties, plasmonic nanoparticles have been explored as chemical read-outs for assaying various biological and chemical analytes. We propose colorimetric sensing strategy based on tannic acid mediated silver nanoparticles (TA-AgNPs) for the detection of Coralyne (COR) and calf thymus DNA (CT-DNA). Aggregation of TA-AgNPs is observed on addition of COR molecule because of electrostatic interaction between them, which is established by change in color from yellow to brown. TA-AgNPs/COR based colorimetric probe was then employed for CT-DNA detection, utilizing anti-aggregation of nanoparticles. Formation of intercalated complex between CT-DNA and COR prevents the aggregation of nanoparticles and color of TA-AgNPs solution remains yellow. Under optimum sensing conditions, extent of aggregation and anti-aggregation of TA-AgNPs was studied. A linear correlation between absorbance value at 437 nm and COR concentration is obtained in the range of 0 to 1.2 μM with detection limit of 0.44 μM. TA-AgNPs/COR based detection probe exhibited linear response to CT-DNA in concentration range of 0 to 7.62 μM with a limit of detection down to 1.63 μM. The applicability of sensing strategy verified by analysis of COR and CT-DNA in human urine samples, which demonstrated the practical utility of method in biomedical applications.