Background. This work studied 60 university students who were registered in two handball training classes in the second year of Physical Education and Sports Science throughout the academic year 2017 to 2018. Objectives. It aims to identify the impact of two different training styles (cooperative and traditional) on players' achievements and basic techniques in a handball learning unit. Methods. Hence, the sample was divided into the control and experiment groups. The experiment group was subjected to the cooperative training technique, whereas the control group was subjected to the traditional training (teacher-cantered) technique. The complying instruments were used to collect learning design inventory, handball achievement tests, handball techniques, and assessment forms. Results. The handball attitude scale revealed that cooperative training during a handball training class has a stronger link to students' sporting activities achievements, class attitude, and exercise skills compared to traditional training. Results of players' test range suggest that they prefer cooperative training. Conclusions. This study can help researchers and practitioners conduct Cooperative Learning intervention programs Physical Education in Schools and Universities.

Background. Although maximal sprint speed (MSS) and the anaerobic speed reserve (ASR) provides valuable information about an athletes' speed profile, these parameters fall short of providing important information about submaximal metabolic thresholds. The only field test that can offer an estimate of a sub-maximal metabolic threshold is the 3-minute all-out test for running (3MT), which delivers three parameters of interest: the critical speed (CS), fatigability constant (D'), and 3MT-specific maximal running speed (MS3MT). Objectives. We offer an alternative to the ASR, termed the 'functional' speed reserve (FSR). Therefore, this study's purpose was two-fold: firstly, to compare MSS to MS3MT and FSR to ASR, and secondly, to determine the correlations between ASR, FSR, and D'. Methods. Thirty-two participants volunteered for the study (age: 22.50 4.32 years; height: 1.67 0.78 m; body mass: 66.58 11.30 kg) and completed a graded exercise test (GXT), 3MT, and 40-m sprint test following familiarization bouts for each test. Results. MSS and MS3MT were strongly correlated (r = 0.93, p < 0.001). The ASR and FSR were also strongly correlated (r = 0.77, p < 0.05), with the FSR also showing a strong correlation with D' (r = 0.77, P < 0.05).

The Role of TARP Factor in Social Network Advertising in Brand Awareness and Purchase Intention of Sport Brands

Background. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, is the most common reason of liver disorders that can be controlled by dieting and regular physical activity. Objectives. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of aerobic continuous training on serum levels of myonectin, insulin resistance and liver enzymes in rats with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Methods. Thirty-four male Wistar rats (6 -8 weeks old) were randomly assigned into two groups: normal diet (N = 9) and high-fat diet (N = 25). Through 12-week high-fat diet, induction of fatty liver was performed. In order to confirm non-alcoholic fatty liver induction, seven rats fed with high-fat diet were tested. The 18 remaining rats were randomly assigned to two groups: high-fat diet plus sedentary activity (n = 9) and high-fat diet plus aerobic continuous training (n = 9). The aerobic group has performed running on a treadmill at the intensity of 50 -60% VO2max, for eight weeks and five sessions per week. The results were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc tests at the statistical significance level of p<0.05. Results. The significant body weight increase induced by high-fat diet was controlled by aerobic continuous training (p<0.05). The serum levels of myonectin, insulin, glucose, alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase enzymes and insulin resistance improved significantly after eight weeks of aerobic continuous training (p<0.05). Conclusion. It seems that aerobic continuous training can improve insulin resistance and liver enzymes by reducing serum myonectin levels in rats with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

Background.Nowadays, sport is considered as a good base for marketing and entrepreneurship.Business model design is also increasingly welcomed.But in the field of sports businesses and sports academies in Iran, no research has been conducted, and no specific business model has been introduced.Objectives.The purpose of this study is to identify and prioritize the value proposition components and customer segments as influential components of the business model.Methods.This research is applied in terms of purpose and adopted the descriptive-survey approach for data collection.Lastly, it employed mixed exploratory research methodology (i.e., quantitative-qualitative). The statistical population consists of entrepreneurs, sports business owners, managers of athletic academies, heads of athletic departments and managers of national Olympic academies.In the qualitative section, 15 individuals were selected using the purposeful snowball sampling strategy until the theoretical saturation level was achieved.The analysis of the data was done by analyzing the quality of the content while using open coding, axis coding and theme coding methods.Next, in the quantitative section, the AHP method was used to prioritize the different categories of value proposition and customer segments.Results.The results of data shows that the customer segments, in order of importance include athletes (beginners to champions) (0.557), coaches and referees (0.333) and the ordinary people (public) (0.110).Conclusion.It is recommended that the business owners studied as well as those interested in setting up such businesses while carefully analyzing their customers and their characteristics and accurately segmenting them, provide services tailored to the value of each customer.

Impact of Plyometric and Resistance Training on Selected Fitness Variables among University Soccer Playing Adults

Background. Physical activity (PA) is a keystone of diabetes management, but although self-exercise is beneficial, supervised exercise (SE), adapted to individual characteristics, and is more effective. Objectives. The main research goal is to compare SE patterns among diabetic and non-diabetic Portuguese adults. Methods. A total of 484 participants (85 diabetics, 399 non-diabetics), aged 41-90 years old (mean=58.9; SD=11.9) were interviewed. PA level was assessed using short form of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. Attendance in different SE programs was evaluated across three kinds of PA programs providers: gym/health-clubs; swimming pools and other club/ sports facilities. Itens like Barriers to Exercise; Intention to participate; Importance of the structure and PA information sources were also evaluated. Independent t-tests were used to examine the difference between the group means, and Levene’s test was used to check the homokedasticity of the groups’ variances. Results. PA level of diabetics (32% low; 25% moderate; 44% high) and non-diabetics (29% low; 33% moderate; 39% high) display no differences. 90% of diabetics do not attend SE. The main barrier for diabetics’ non-participation is the perception that the exercise is not adequate to their health. Doctors are the preferred information source for diabetics and they rely less on information provided by the Internet, with may impair on-line campaigns. Conclusion. Promoting exercise in diabetics should shift the focus from "promoting physical activity" to "promoting SE".

Background. Simultaneous tiredness of two or more muscles around a joint can be defined as coordinated fatigue (cofatigue) and might occur between agonist and antagonist muscles, and vary according to the level of sporting activity levels or gender. Objectives. The aim of this study was to determine the levels of coordinated fatigue in agonist and antagonist muscles during squat-press exercise. Methods. Twenty athletes and twenty sedentary subjects participated in the study. Surface electromyography signals of the rectus femoris, vastus lateralis obliquus, biceps femoris and semitendinosus muscles were recorded at the squat press position for 15 seconds during isometric contraction. Measurements were repeated five times and a 2-minute rest period was allowed between repetitions. After erroneous EMG elimination, movement artefacts were removed by using a 20 Hz high-pass Butterworth filter. Then, as a wellrecognized fatigue index, the median frequency (MF) of each filtered middle part of the EMG signal (5 to 10 s. of contraction) was calculated, given that it is known that the MF decreases during isometric contractions. Finally, each MF-based co-fatigue index was calculated by dividing the mean RF and VLO median frequencies by the mean ST and BF median frequencies. The cumulative co-fatigue values of "male vs. female" and "sedentary vs. athlete" comparisons were performed by using a two-sided Student t-test with a Bonferroni correction. Results. There was a statistically significant (Bonferroni corrected p-value < 0.05) difference between the mean female (1.57 0.53) and the mean male (1.23 0.17) co-fatigue values, while there was no statistically significant difference between the mean co-fatigue values of sedentary (1.51 0.52) and athlete (1.29 0.27) subjects. Conclusion. The offered co-fatigue indices might be useful for other sports, physiotherapy and related areas if sufficient scientific proof is accumulated.

Background. Sleep is assumed to be a critical factor for human physiological and cognitive function. Lack of sleep is a common condition in daily life. Objectives. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of 24-hour sleep deprivation on cognitive and motor skills in university students. Methods. The participants were volunteers that consisted of 290 male students aged 19-25 years. After primary screening, the subjects were randomly divided into two groups of cognitive tests and motor task test. Cognitive tests were included the reaction time (simple and choice), the working memory test (1-back & 2-back task) and attention (selective and divided). In the motor group, the subjects were divided into four experimental groups including (physical, observational, mental and combined training) and four paired control groups who were exposed to badminton short service training. The experimental groups were trained with 24-h sleep deprivation and the control group was trained without sleep deprivation. In the acquisition stage, each subject was trained using his routine training method. After training, the subjects were followed a normal day-night sleep pattern. At 24, 72 and 168 h after acquisition, a short-service retention test was taken from participants. Results. The results of cognitive tests showed that sleep deprivation had no effect on reaction time, working memory (1-back) and selective attention, but it had a major effect on working memory (2-back) and divided attention (p=0.02). The results of motor test showed that sleep deprivation did not have an effect on acquisition and retention in both physical and combined groups. (p>0.05).Sleep deprivation did not have an effect on the skill acquisition in the observation group (p>0.05); however, in the retention tests, the control group significantly showed a better performance. Skill acquisition in the mental training group was significantly affected by sleep deprivation and this effect was obvious in the retention tests (p=0.0001). Conclusion. The results showed that, under conditions of sleep deprivation, some cognitive functions (working memory 2-back test & divided attention) were affected and that physical and combined training were preferred at the time of training to acquire new motor skills.