Background: Selective laser trabeculoplasty (SLT) is a first-line treatment for open-angle glaucoma (OAG) or ocular hypertension (OHT). However, the optimal SLT protocol remains unsettled. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing 180° and 360° SLT have yielded conflicting outcomes. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to determine which approach provides superior efficacy and safety. Methods: We searched PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, and Web of Science through November 8, 2025 for RCTs comparing 180° with 360° SLT in OAG or OHT. We excluded conference abstracts. The primary outcome was intraocular pressure (IOP). Secondary outcomes included treatment success, visual acuity, and adverse events. We assessed the risk of bias with the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for randomized trials, and estimated mean differences (MDs) and risk ratios (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using a random-effects model. Trial sequential analysis (TSA) evaluated the robustness of evidence. Results: We included six studies comprising 892 eyes. 180° SLT was associated with higher IOP at 1 month (MD 1.17 mmHg; 95% CI: 0.52–1.81; P<0.01; I2=36%), 3 months (MD 0.96 mmHg; 95% CI: 0.45–1.47; P<0.01; I2=0%), 6 months (MD 1.03 mmHg; 95% CI: 0.14–1.92; P=0.02; I2=58%), and 12 months (MD 1.63 mmHg; 95% CI: 0.66–2.60; P<0.01; I2=0%). Treatment success (RR 0.72; 95% CI: 0.58–0.90; P<0.01; I2=50%) and pain or discomfort rates (RR 0.63; 95% CI: 0.50–0.81; P<0.01; I2=0%) were lower with 180° SLT. There was no difference between groups in visual acuity (MD −0.002 logMAR; 95% CI: −0.029 to 0.026 logMAR; P=0.90; I2=41%) and adverse events risk (RR 1.08; 95% CI: 0.69–1.68; P=0.75; I2=0%). TSA showed robust evidence for the superiority of 360° vs. 180° SLT on IOP. Conclusions: 180° SLT was inferior to 360° SLT for IOP control and treatment success in OAG or OHT, yet it was associated with a lower risk of pain or discomfort. These findings support 360° SLT as the preferred protocol, though evidence is limited by the number of trials, heterogeneity, and follow-up. High-quality, long-term RCTs are required to validate these findings.

Abstract: Conjunctivitis, inflammation of the conjunctiva, is a common clinical problem. It typically presents as eye redness with discharge and discomfort. The eyelids, eyelashes, and cornea can also be affected, although specific signs and symptoms vary based on disease. Conjunctivitis can be a challenge to diagnose correctly, but identifying the condition accurately is crucial for proper management. Broadly, conjunctivitis can be considered as infectious or non-infectious. Infectious conjunctivitis is most commonly viral or bacterial with an acute onset and is typically self-limited. Non-infectious causes can be categorized as allergic or non-allergic, and may be secondary to underlying systemic disease, genetic conditions, or mechanical or toxic triggers. These are often chronic conditions and may require treatment of an underlying disease. Given the range of possible etiologies and often overlapping manifestations of these conditions, thorough history taking and physical examination are imperative for proper diagnosis. Other conditions of variable severity such as dry eye syndrome, iritis, keratitis, scleritis, and acute angle-closure glaucoma can also present with red eye and need to be considered as a part of the differential diagnosis for conjunctivitis. This review describes different forms of conjunctivitis as well as other select ocular conditions that belong on the conjunctivitis differential, highlighting risk factors, pathophysiology, clinical signs and symptoms, and key distinguishing features of these conditions.

Abstract: Red eye affects patients of all ages and is one of the most common ocular complaints seen in primary care and emergency rooms. Some conditions, like scleritis, keratitis, uveitis, or endophthalmitis, can be vision-threatening and necessitate an immediate diagnosis and referral, but many others, like conjunctivitis or episcleritis, are benign and self-limiting. To prevent complications, such as irreversible vision loss or the spread of infection throughout the body, it is essential to accurately and promptly distinguish between benign and serious causes. With a broad range of etiologies covered, this review offers a thorough, evidence-based method for assessing red eye in primary care. For inflammatory, infectious, traumatic, and non-inflammatory disorders, we look at important clinical characteristics, diagnostic factors, and therapeutic approaches. Dry eye syndrome, pterygium, scleritis, episcleritis, keratitis, conjunctivitis, uveitis, blepharitis, hordeolum, endophthalmitis, orbital cellulitis, hyphema, trichiasis, and subconjunctival hemorrhage are among them. Whereas episcleritis usually responds to topical treatment, inflammatory conditions like scleritis and uveitis need systemic corticosteroids or immunosuppressive therapy. Infections such as keratitis, conjunctivitis, and endophthalmitis require treatments specific to the pathogen, while diseases like orbital cellulitis and hyphema may require hospitalization or surgery. External conditions like dry eye and blepharitis are treated conservatively with lubrication and cleanliness. This review aims to provide general practitioners with useful clinical tools for timely assessment, efficient triage, and referral by defining red flag symptoms, hallmark signs, and updated treatment protocols. Regular eye exams and patient education also improve results and lower recurrence.

Background and Objective: Dry eye disease (DED) is a multifactorial disorder increasingly prevalent among patients with diabetes mellitus (DM), a global metabolic disease with significant systemic and ocular complications. While diabetic retinopathy is well-recognized, the impact of DM on the anterior segment, particularly the ocular surface, remains underdiagnosed and undertreated. Existing reviews often describe the association between DM and DED but lack an in-depth analysis of the specific ocular surface changes. This narrative review aims to explore the pathophysiological mechanisms linking DM to ocular surface alterations and DED. Methods: A literature search was conducted in PubMed for English-language articles published between January 2020 and January 2025. Search terms included “diabetes mellitus”, “dry eye disease”, “ocular surface”, “diabetic keratopathy”, and related keywords. Key Content and Findings: Chronic hyperglycemia in DM drives metabolic dysregulation, corneal nerve fiber loss, and dysfunction of the lacrimal and meibomian glands. These mechanisms collectively disrupt tear film homeostasis, promote ocular surface inflammation, and increase the risk and severity of DED in diabetic patients. Poor glycemic control, longer disease duration, and comorbidities like autonomic neuropathy further exacerbate these effects. The review also highlights the role of intraocular surgeries, such as cataract extraction, in worsening ocular surface conditions, and explores the potential protective effects of certain antidiabetic medications, including SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists. Advances in diagnostic tools and imaging techniques are also discussed for their role in early detection and management. Conclusions: DED is a significant yet often overlooked complication of diabetes. Enhanced awareness, routine screening, and individualized care strategies are essential to mitigate its impact. Further research is needed to develop targeted therapies and optimize ocular surface health in the diabetic population.

: Ocular surface disease (OSD) can have a severe impact on patients as it can lead to visual impairment and persistent discomfort. Ocular surface reconstruction (OSR) is an approach to the management of ocular diseases that cause structural damage to the ocular surface. OSR encompasses both medical and surgical treatment options. In this review, we discuss the medical and surgical strategies used in OSR. Medical management often aims to treat tear insufficiency, inflammation, and keratinization. Surgical treatments may be employed for a variety of reasons, including failure of medical management. This may include improving the oculo-palpebral structures in order to improve lid positioning and tear film. Additional therapies focus on improving tear production, such as through salivary gland transplantation. In situations where the ocular surface is so severely damaged that there is loss of limbal stem cells, limbal stem cell transplant (LSCT) may be indicated. Other surgeries such as amniotic membrane transplant (AMT) and conjunctival flaps (CFs) can help promote corneal healing. Finally, in severe situations where the cornea is beyond salvage, corneal transplantation, such as a penetrating keratoplasty (PK), can be considered. OSR often requires a combination of medical and surgical approaches targeted to each specific patient's presentation in order to achieve optimal outcomes.

Background: Research on high myopia has gradually formed a complex network of knowledge, but a panorama of evolutionary trends is lacking. By conducting a scientometric analysis, we can gain a deeper understanding of the development and evolution of this field. Methods: The global literature on high myopia published from 2002 to 2021 was extracted from the Science Citation Index Expanded in the Web of Science Core Collection. Microsoft Excel, VOSviewer, and CiteSpace were used to analyse and visualize the bibliometric data. Publication-related information, including countries, journals, authors, citations, subject categories, and its’ time trends, was analysed. Results: A total of 4,226 included publications showed an annually increasing trend during the past 20 years. The high myopia research hotspots were refractive error correction, epidemiology, ocular biometry, drug and laser treatment of myopic fundus lesions, and surgical treatment of myopic fundus lesions. Co-citation analysis showed that high myopia genetics and myopic fundus lesion research were the research frontiers. A total of 116 disciplines were involved in high myopia research. Ophthalmology (n=3,338) was the most dominant subject category. Engineering (betweenness centrality =0.65) was the discipline with the most obvious bridge role. Science & technology—other topics (burst years: 2015–2021; strength =14.88) had the greatest strength as of 2021, which was the hottest subject category. Conclusions: High myopia genetics and myopic fundus lesion research showed a potential for breakthroughs. Medical-engineering cross-innovation is a cutting-edge technology trend.

Background: A variety of experimental animal models are used in basic ophthalmological research to elucidate physiological mechanisms of vision and disease pathogenesis. The choice of animal model is based on the measurability of specific parameters or structures, the applicability of clinical measurement technologies, and the similarity to human eye function. Studies of eye pathology usually compare optical parameters between a healthy and altered state, so accurate baseline assessments are critical, but few reports have comprehensively examined the normal anatomical structures and physiological functions in these models. Methods: Three cynomolgus monkeys, six New Zealand rabbits, ten Sprague Dawley (SD) rats, and BALB/c mice were examined by fundus photography (FP), fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA), and optical coherence tomography (OCT). Results: Most retinal structures of cynomolgus monkey were anatomically similar to the corresponding human structures as revealed by FP, FFA, and OCT. New Zealand rabbits have large eyeballs, but they have large optic disc and myelinated retinal nerve fibers in their retinas, and the growth pattern of retinal vessels were also different to the human retinas. Unlike monkeys and rabbits, the retinal vessels of SD rats and BALB/c mice were widely distributed and clear. The OCT performance of them were similar with human beings except the macular. Conclusions: Monkey is a good model to study changes in retinal structure associated with fundus disease, rabbits are not suitable for studies on retinal vessel diseases and optic nerve diseases, and rats and mice are good models for retinal vascular diseases. These measures will help guide the choice of model and measurement technology and reduce the number of experimental animals required.

Background: To compare two swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) biometers, IOLMaster 700 and ANTERION. Methods: This is a retrospective study. Biometric measurements of cataract patients performed between March and July 2021 in the Department of Ophthalmology, United Christian Hospital, Hong Kong, were reviewed. Patients scheduled for cataract surgery were measured with both SS-OCT devices on the same day. The following biometry parameters were compared: keratometry (K), total keratometry (TK), axial length (AL), central corneal thickness (CCT), anterior chamber depth (ACD), lens thickness (LT), white-to-white (WTW) and the predicted intraocular lens (IOL) power to achieve emmetropia. To assess the agreement between the devices, Bland-Altman analysis with 95% limits of agreement (LoA) were used. Results: In total, 92 eyes of 47 subjects were measured with both devices. There were statistically significant differences between the two biometers for most measurements (P<0.05) except for flat K, AL and IOL power when using the right eyes for analysis. For the left eyes, there were statistically significant differences in the measurements from the two biometers in all parameters except for flat and steep K. The ANTERION did not obtain ACD, AL and LT in 2 (2.17%), 1 (1.09%) and 5 cases (5.43%) respectively. Conclusions: The two biometers showed a clinically acceptable agreement in most parameters. Comparisons showed significant differences in most parameters but not clinically relevant except for the TK and WTW, and these two parameters should not be used interchangeably between the devices.

Background and Objective: Corneal neurotization is a novel surgical technique used to restore corneal sensation in patients with neurotrophic keratopathy. Neurotrophic keratopathy is a disorder characterized by dysfunction of the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve, which provides sensory innervation to the cornea. Without sensation, the cornea is at risk of infection, ulceration, perforation, and ultimately, vision loss. Corneal neurotization has emerged as an innovative technique to reinnervate anesthetized corneas by transferring a healthy donor nerve to the affected eye around the corneoscleral limbus. As the field of corneal neurotization rapidly grows, there is a need to synthesize the existing body of literature on corneal neurotization and identify important areas for further research. In this review, we will discuss neurotrophic keratopathy and its current management strategies, followed by an overview of corneal neurotization techniques, outcomes, surgical considerations, and future directions.