Introduction: Diospyros peregrina (Gaertn.) is a well-known ethnomedicinal plant, and the fruits of this plant have been traditionally used in different activities for its diverse phytochemicals. This research work aimed to screen bioactive phytochemicals and therapeutic activity from the fruits of D. peregrine. Methods: GC-MS analysis was performed to screen the phytochemicals of the essential oil extracted by hydro-distillation. Disc diffusion was used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration and inhibitory activities as well as to evaluate DPPH, superoxide, and nitric oxide radical scavenging tests. Results: The study found that 40 compounds made up 89.09% of the total oil, with the main constituents being oleik asit with Linolenic acid and methyl ester (22.20%), linoleic acid and methyl ester (12.93%), palmitic acid and methyl ester (10.12%), and stearic acid and methyl ester (8.71%). The essential oil showed a maximum inhibition zone of 20.2±1.1 mm against Staphylococcus aureus MEBTN2 and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was 62.5 μl/mL for both E. coli MEBTN6 and Staphylococcus aureus MEBTN2, and MIC of Ethyl acetate extract was 62.5 μg/mL for Bacillus subtilis RKP-2. Significant superoxide and nitric oxide radical scavenging was noted with IC50 values of 25.33, 47.13, 75.25, and 87.13 μg/mL, respectively, whereas the essential oil and ethyl acetate extracts demonstrated robust DPPH scavenging (IC50 values of 17.21 and 25.53 μg/mL). Conclusion: This study highlighted the potential therapeutic application of D. peregrine-derived essential oil and organic solvent extracts.

Introduction: Monkeypox (Mpox) is a zoonotic disease caused by the monkeypox virus (MPXV) with no approved antivirals. Smallpox vaccines have been used as preventive measures; however, supplies are limited and unreliable for post-exposure protection. Methodology: A comprehensive 15-year review (2008–2025) identified advances in vesicular nano formulation for monkeypox therapy, including marine-derived agents and nanoparticle delivery systems, revealing enhanced efficacy and mechanistic insights for targeted treatment. Thus, the progress in drug development and nanoparticle-mediated delivery strategies has been summarised in this paper. Results: Sophisticated tools, such as next-generation sequencing (NGS), real-time PCR, and whole-genome sequencing (WGS), significantly enhance monkeypox surveillance and diagnosis, while portable diagnostic devices, such as CRISPR-based assays and LAMP, enable point-of-care testing. Advanced imaging techniques, including photoacoustic microscopy, offer high-resolution, non-invasive visualisation of MPXV. Discussion: To overcome current challenges in monkeypox management, integrating innovative drug delivery systems and advanced analytical technologies with nanotechnology, particularly a microneedle-mediated delivery system, may improve the effectiveness of monkeypox treatments. Conclusion: Advances in diagnostics, surveillance, and nanotechnology are reshaping how we detect and manage the disease, but sustained control requires international collaboration, crossdisciplinary research, and improved access to healthcare resources to build long-term global health resilience.

Abstract: Microbial resistance or antimicrobial resistance (AMR) emerged as one of the greatest global health issues of the 21st century, originating from excessive use of antimicrobials. Tackling AMR requires careful and sustainable use of antimicrobials to effectively deal with the health issues it creates. Primary strategies to tackle AMR target precise diagnostics and rational prescribing practices using advanced infection treatment protocols, such as antimicrobial stewardship (AMS). At the same time, technologically advanced diagnostic procedures and biomarker development enable accurate pathogen detection, allowing for more target-oriented outcomes. Alternatively, probiotics, phage therapy, and antimicrobial peptides work as the greatest supporting pillars in the fight against AMR. Vaccination represents a promising advancement in public health, serving as a preventive approach that significantly lowers the need for antibiotics in both human and veterinary practice. From a regulatory perspective, controlling the misuse of antimicrobials is a critical step in safeguarding community health. This includes the complete restriction of over-the-counter antibiotic sales and the prohibition of non-therapeutic antibiotic use across all sectors of society. In addition, environmental strategies, such as reducing antibiotic pollution and improving wastewater treatment, further support sustainable AMR management. Public awareness campaigns and professional training initiatives highlight the importance of responsible antibiotic use; ultimately, the management of AMR requires multifaceted approaches, combining scientific innovation, policy enhancement, and global collaboration. Integrating AMR strategies into the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) can further enhance global efforts towards a healthier and more sustainable future.

Background: This study explores the eco-friendly synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using Mangifera indica leaf extract as a diminishing and settling agent. These AgNPs are notable for their antimicrobial activity. Objective: This study's objective is to produce silver nanoparticles using mango leaf concentrate and assess the antimicrobial efficacy of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles against antibioticresistant bacteria. Method: Comprehensive analysis techniques, including UV-visible spectroscopy, FTIR, DLS, XRD, and TEM, were employed to characterize the properties of the biosynthesized AgNPs. DPPH and BSLA assays were done to measure the antioxidant and cytotoxicity levels. The Kirby Bauer Disc diffusion method was incorporated to analyze the bacterial MIC and zone of inhibition. Result: AgNPs were produced using the green synthesis method. UV results confirmed the presence of SPR at 427nm at 1:70 ratios. TEM results demonstrated that these nanoparticles are spherical. DLS result showed an average particle size of about 41.02nm. FTIR and XRD analysis provide strong evidence of the synthesis of silver nanoparticles with a crystalline structure using mango leaf extract. The silver nanoparticles produced exhibited less cytotoxicity with maximum antioxidant activity at 200μg/mL. AgNPs had strong inhibitory effects on three strains of antibiotic- resistant bacteria: Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli. Notably, the disc diffusion method revealed that the AgNPs generated the maximum and minimum inhibitory zone of Bacillus cereus at 16 and 8mm at 64 and 8 μg/mL, respectively. Conclusion: This research indicates that silver nanoparticles synthesized from mango leaves may serve as effective antimicrobial agents, especially against antibiotic-resistant pathogenic bacteria.

Abstract: Dengue fever, caused by the dengue virus (DENV), remains one of the most prevalent mosquito-borne viral infections worldwide, with no approved etiotropic therapy currently available. Natural products, particularly plant-derived compounds, have demonstrated promising antiviral activities, warranting a comprehensive evaluation. Medicinal plants with reported anti-dengue properties were identified. Several extracts exhibited low IC₅₀ values, indicating significant antiviral potential. Active compounds primarily included flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids, and polyphenols, with ethanol and methanol being the most frequently used extraction solvents. Plant-derived bioactive compounds may inhibit viral replication and modulate host immune responses. However, variability in extraction methods, plant parts used, and experimental models limits direct cross-study comparisons. Standardized IC₅₀ reporting and in vivo studies are necessary to validate these in vitro findings. Overall, plant extracts show considerable anti-dengue potential. Future research should focus on isolating active molecules, elucidating their mechanisms of action, and conducting preclinical and clinical studies to develop effective plant-based antiviral therapies.

Abstract: Pandemic preparedness has been put to the test by the COVID-19 and monkeypox crises, which have brought attention to major issues in global health systems. This review examines emergency medicine's response to these two major outbreaks and provides insights into the lessons learned, with an emphasis on enhancing preparedness for future infectious disease threats. The review begins with a detailed overview of the COVID-19 and Monkeypox pandemics, outlining their timelines, epidemiological characteristics, and the global and national responses that followed. It compares the approaches to managing these two diseases, highlighting similarities and differences in the public health strategies deployed. The core of the review focuses on the role of emergency medicine in managing pandemics. Key areas such as triage, patient management, and the efficient allocation of healthcare resources under conditions of overwhelming demand are discussed. The review also emphasizes the importance of surge capacity planning and the integration of interdisciplinary collaboration to enhance the quality and efficiency of care. In addition to these operational aspects, the psychological and emotional toll on healthcare workers, particularly in high-stress environments, has been explored. The review sheds light on the mental health challenges faced by healthcare professionals and suggests strategies for support. The review also addresses disparities in healthcare access and delivery, advocating for policies that mitigate inequities during health emergencies. Drawing on the experiences of COVID-19 and Monkeypox, the review outlines lessons learned and provides recommendations for strengthening global pandemic preparedness. These include the importance of building resilient healthcare systems, fostering international collaboration, and ensuring rapid access to emerging technologies for diagnostic and treatment purposes. Ultimately, the review calls for continued investment in public health infrastructure and the integration of new technologies to better respond to future global health threats.

Introduction: Mumps, a viral infection caused by a member of the Paramyxoviridae family, remains a public health concern despite the success of global vaccination programs. The disease typically presents with parotitis and systemic symptoms such as fever and malaise, with complications including orchitis, meningitis, and sensorineural deafness. Methods: This review synthesizes current literature on mumps epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnostic approaches, and control strategies. Information was gathered from peerreviewed journals, public health reports, and molecular diagnostics studies. Results: The global incidence of mumps has significantly declined since the introduction of the measles-mumps-rubella vaccine in the 1970s. However, recent outbreaks in both high- and lowincome countries are attributed to waning immunity, genetic mismatch between vaccine and circulating strains, and suboptimal vaccine coverage. Diagnostic advancements, especially RT-PCR and serological assays, have enhanced outbreak detection and management. Discussion: Persistent mumps outbreaks highlight the challenges of long-term immunity and virus evolution. Current control strategies emphasize high vaccination coverage, rapid outbreak response, and continuous epidemiological surveillance. Research efforts are underway to develop mRNA-based and genotype-specific vaccines to address these challenges. However, gaps remain in understanding immunity duration, disease progression, and asymptomatic transmission. Conclusion: Effective control of mumps requires strengthened public health infrastructure, improved diagnostics, and efforts to counter vaccine hesitancy. Further research is crucial to overcome existing limitations and to inform future vaccination and outbreak management policies.

Introduction: Antibiotic resistance or antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is recognized as a global threat and is gradually becoming a key health problem of the 21st century. This review study aims to represent fresh perspectives on the current status of AMR, contributory factors, and management approaches. Methods: The authors accessed the published articles from various platforms, including Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, and the National Library of Medicine, using suitable keywords. Including this, webpages of many agencies, like the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), were also accessed. Results: AMR caused about 1.27 million deaths in 2019. General contributory factors include self-medication, overuse, and inappropriate prescriptions of antimicrobials. Microorganisms develop antibiotic resistance through various mechanisms, such as antibiotic degradation, modifying target sites, reducing antibiotic molecule permeability, and excluding antibiotics. Antibiotic resistance genes also play a significant role. Discussion: Different factors contribute to the development and spread of AMR. Researchers are using various techniques to identify AMR, such as phenotypic methods, molecular methods, DNA microarrays, and gene sequencing. Moreover, different approaches are being employed to combat AMR, such as the discovery of new antimicrobials, initiatives by global agencies (WHO, CDC), including the AWaRe classification of antibiotics, the One Health Approach, and the Quadripartite Agreement. Conclusions: AMR imposes a significant economic burden on healthcare systems. Strategies such as antibiotic stewardship, understanding AMR at the molecular level, and molecular diagnostics can be crucial in its management. Additionally, coordinated efforts are required from researchers, healthcare providers, policymakers, and the public.

Introduction: Nosocomial infections or hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) are contracted in hospitals or other health-care facilities. The immune response of the host against these infections may cause sepsis. The sepsis due to HAI is also called nosocomial sepsis or hospital-acquired sepsis (HAS). Sepsis may be associated with organ dysfunction, longer stays in hospitals, morbidity, and mortality. HAS is now considered a global critical health concern, and this condition is worsening due to the development of antimicrobial resistance among microorganisms. Furthermore, implementing infection prevention and control strategies does not reduce the prevalence of hospital-acquired infections, probably due to the presence of endogenous pathogens. The main objective of this study is to provide a piece of information related to nosocomial infections and sepsis. This study focused on associated microorganisms, epidemiology, risk factors, pathophysiology, and associated adverse effects of HAS. Additionally, management strategies for HAS are also discussed. This information can be useful in clinical practice. Methods: For this study, online literature was accessed from various sources like Google Scholar, Science Direct, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. Including this, websites of different agencies were also accessed. Authors used different keywords such as: hospital-acquired infections, sepsis, epidemiology, risk factors, symptoms, pathophysiology, management approaches for HAS, etc., to search the relevant information. Results: The dysregulated immune response to hospital-acquired infections causes nosocomial sepsis that may lead to morbidity, organ dysfunction, and death. Epidemiological data highlighted that sepsis is associated with about 11 million worldwide deaths. Both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria cause infection in hospitalized patients, but Staphylococci, Pseudomonas, and Escherichia coli (E. coli) are found as primary pathogens. Furthermore, antimicrobial-resistant microbes are creating challenges for the antimicrobial-based treatment. Within healthcare facilities, intensive care settings are suggested as key hotspots for antibiotic-resistant microorganisms. Discussion: HAS remains a major public health challenge, causing millions of deaths worldwide every year. It is associated with multiple risk factors such as old age, weakened immune systems, lack of adequate hygiene practices in healthcare settings, and clinical and surgical interventions. Although the prevalence of nosocomial sepsis is observed both in developed and underdeveloped countries, lowand middle-income countries possess a higher risk. The management approaches for nosocomial infections and nosocomial sepsis depend on the type and severity of the infection. These include early detection, use of antibiotics and fluids, etc. Further management approaches include controlling the transmission of infections, antibiotic stewardship, identification of sepsis biomarkers, etc. Conclusion: HAS is a critical health concern. More patients are exposed to infections during hospital stays rather than outpatient visits. Staphylococci, Pseudomonas, and E. coli are identified as key pathogens. It is a treatable and manageable clinical condition. Although early detection plays a key role in managing the HAS using antibiotics, rising incidences of antimicrobial resistance among microorganisms are limiting the antibiotic-based treatment options. Nowadays, researchers are also focusing on the identification of alternative antimicrobial agents, such as antimicrobial peptides, to manage infections caused by antibiotic-resistant microorganisms.

Background: Human papillomavirus infection, a prevalent global sexually trans-mitted disease, is linked to various malignancies like cervical cancer, head-and-neck squa-mous cell carcinoma, and anal cancer. Researchers are actively exploring phytoconstituents from medicinal plants. Objective: This in-silico study aims to assess the anti-human papillomavirus capabilities of phytochemical compounds sourced from Ocimum sanctum, Curcuma longa, Nyctanthes ar-bor-tristis, Zingiber officinale, Andrographis paniculata, Acacia nilotica, Psidium guajava, Ficus religiosa, Emblica officinalis, and Tinospora cordifolia plants. Methodology: Through in-silico studies, the anti-human papillomavirus capabilities of these compounds were assessed, focusing on their binding affinity to viral E6 protein. Phytochem-icals absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET) analysis gauged drug-likeness and toxicity. Results: Notably, compounds like Tinosporaside, β-sitosterol, β-sitosteryl-D-glucoside, botulin, ∞-amyrin, and ß-amyrin exhibited strong binding affinity. Conclusion: These findings provide insights for drug design, encouraging further in-vitro and in-vivo analyses