For over fifty years, scholars from Australia and New Zealand have played an important role in the archaeological exploration of the Mediterranean region. Until recently, information about their research and discoveries in the field has appeared scattered in various journals, published overseas.

In late 46, Caesar decided not to hold elections for 45, but instead to take the unprecedented step of nominating six or eight officials called praefecti urbi to act in place of the praetors, quaestors and curule aediles. In this way, he made his most openly autocratic inroads into the traditional Republican constitution. Because of the traumatic effect that this had on the governing class and the Roman structure of government, this office, which Caesar completely adapted, deserves special consideration.

An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.

The text of the De Mortibus Persecutorum, which is transmitted by just one manuscript, the Codex Colbertianus (C; BN 2627), can still be tidied up in places. In these notes I propose two new emendations, revive two old emendations, and support the transmitted text in one place against editors.

‘One of the unwritten chapters in the literary history of antiquity is that providing a comprehensive account of (ancient) translation.’ This statement still holds true after 20 years, and so this study will inevitably lack completeness; all it can aim at is to try to give an outline of what one might consider to be the most important issues concerning our theme.To underline the vast quantity of material concerning our topic we might refer to a list entitled ‘Greek works translated into Latin before 1350’. This list is restricted to philosophical works only, omitting all other fields such as medicine, law, mathematics, theology, and liturgy. Nevertheless even this limited list gives the names of no less than 119 authors whose philosophical works in Greek were translated into Latin; the space needed for Aristotle alone runs to more than five pages. Thus it is easy to estimate what an enormous number of Latin translations there were, and what countless efforts must have been taken over more than one and a half millennia for this kind of literary work. One may add that there is a very helpful collection of some 90 testimonia covering the time of St. Augustine, in the book of Heinrich Marti, Übersetzer der Augustin-Zeit. There is also the basic study of Jiȓi Levỳ, which deals with modern theory, and outlines all the problems and all the facts of the art of translation.

An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.

The garrison of Mesopotamia in the later second century is unknown. What follows, therefore, is inevitably somewhat speculative. Nevertheless, with little likelihood of any foreseeable accretions of much new epigraphic or archaeological evidence, it may not be unproductive to resume such evidence as is available and consider the probabilities by reference to other comparable regions.

In the consideration of ancient Greek verbal syntax there are three main factors: the lexical meaning, or range of meanings, of each verb, the possible range of significance of its inflexion, including aspect, voice and mood (or mood-substitute), and the context. The interaction of these is such that the understanding of the complexities of each depends to some extent on its relationship to the others. Although we naturally describe the lexical meaning in terms of our own language, it is, of course, the ancient Greek meaning of the stem that is really relevant. For example, the dominant translation usually proposed for is ‘conquer’, yet in Greek terms it really means ‘am victorious’, for it appears to be a stative verb, one of ‘being’ or ‘having’, like , rather than an action verb, one of ‘doing’, like , . The context factor is not confined to the immediate context, the rest of the clause or sentence in which the words under consideration occur, but may involve the wider context embracing the paragraph, the chapter and the nature of the whole work, and also the assumed or external context of what the speaker or writer could assume to be commonly accepted in his society or might expect his audience to know or recognise. However one defines the various circles of context, it is important for modern readers to recognise that unexpressed assumptions, whether based on physical observation of gestures or on the shared habits of an ancient society, can sometimes lead to misunderstanding and to overconfident misjudgment.

On the editors’ suggestion, Professors Meritt and McGregor have generously afforded me the opportunity to conclude our scholarly exchange with a brief comment on their latest remarks (see above, pp.21-24).First, a few points of detail.(i) I still find unacceptable the label ‘indirect reflexive’ given to the phenomenon in dispute, and I see no reason to retract anything I wrote in Antichthon 17 (1983), 32-36 on the grammatical case,(ii) The alternative restorations outlined by me (ibid. 31) were not proposals as such but merely exempli gratia suggestions. I entirely agree that it is undesirable ‘to restore errors and irregularities’ — though the doubled sigma is not demonstrably an error — but what I have suggested can at least be paralleled elsewhere on Attic stones. Likewise, although may well be unacceptable in i3 62.10-11, that does not mean that the heavily restored must therefore necessarily be right.

Commentators have agreed that this poem is among the finest, if not the finest of Horace’s Satires. Naturally, therefore, it has been accorded much critical attention. One of the most penetrating analyses is that of Brink, who quite properly places considerable emphasis on the complex nature of the relationship between Horace and Maecenas. Rudd too adopts this line, relating Satires 2.6 to the sixth satire of Book 1, which describes the beginning of Horace’s association with Maecenas.