Introduction: The Chinese generative artificial intelligence (AI) model, DeepSeek-R1, has profoundly taken over the AI market since its launch. Large language models (LLMs) can generate humanoid responses and conduct reasoning tasks by utilising deep neural networks that have been trained on large textual datasets. Materials and Methods: Using Deepseek-R1, we conducted a cross-sectional study where 60 higher-order questions and 60 multiple-choice questions (MCQs) from microbiology of the MBBS curriculum were entered as prompts in the online AI chatbot. Three academics from the department evaluated the responses and a statistical analysis was performed. Results: The average of the scores of the three evaluators was taken as the final score for analysis. Non-parametric statistical methods were implemented. A one-sample median test was used to evaluate the total results, which was significant at P < .05. A non-significant difference was observed when the scores by the three evaluators were compared by the Kruskal-Wallis H test. One-tailed binomial test showed 98.33% accuracy in the MCQs. Conclusion: DeepSeek-R1 is a user-friendly, free-of-cost AI model to improve information retrieval through the application of deep learning methods. DeepSeek has excellent database in microbiology with lucid and elaborative explanations.

Background: Cirrhotic patients undergoing surgery represent one of the highest-risk groups in perioperative medicine. Portal hypertension, coagulopathy, malnutrition, sarcopenia, cardiopulmonary vulnerability and altered drug handling converge to amplify surgical stress. Managing complications in this population requires a coordinated approach bridging hepatology and surgery. Objectives: This narrative review synthesises evidence on surgical risk stratification, perioperative optimisation and complication management in cirrhotic patients, with emphasis on practical algorithms and multidisciplinary strategies. Methods: Relevant PubMed-indexed literature, including randomised controlled trials, meta-analyses, cohort studies and consensus guidelines, was reviewed. Reference selection was restricted to 25 authentic, traceable sources, ensuring balanced coverage of pathophysiology, clinical outcomes and recent advances. Results: Classical risk scores (Child-Turcotte-Pugh [CTP], model for end-stage liver disease [MELD]) remain useful, but contemporary models such as Veterans Outcomes and Costs Associated with Liver Disease (VOCAL)-Penn provide superior calibration by incorporating procedure type and urgency. Preoperative optimisation bundles, including nutrition, ascites control, viscoelastic-guided coagulation management and selective portal decompression, improve outcomes. Major complications include haemorrhage, infection, wound failure, hepatic decompensation, renal dysfunction, cardiopulmonary compromise and venous thromboembolism (VTE). Their frequency and severity increase steeply in emergency versus elective settings. Elective hernia repair and minor resections in optimised, compensated patients are now considered safe, whereas major resections in decompensated cirrhotics remain prohibitive. Emerging strategies, minimally invasive surgery, albumin-based therapies, Terlipressin for renal dysfunction and tailored Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) adaptations further mitigate risk. Conclusions: Surgical complications in cirrhotics can be anticipated and reduced through structured risk stratification, multidisciplinary optimisation and evidence-based perioperative bundles. The future lies in integrating predictive analytics, minimally invasive approaches and ethical shared decision-making to bridge hepatology and surgery. For practising surgeons, the key message is pragmatic: Complications cannot be ignored, but with anticipation and teamwork, they can increasingly be controlled.

Introduction: Adenomyoepithelioma of the breast is an uncommon occurrence of breast cancer that can affect people of any age, although it most frequently affects middle-aged and older adults. It is typically found on breast imaging or manifests as a single palpable lump. On histopathology, it is a biphasic tumour that exhibits different forms of tissue metaplasia and the proliferation of the glands’ myoepithelial and epithelial components. Case series: This case series encompasses a huge number of 38 cases of adenomyoepithelioma during the four years. Among the 38 cases, 10 were histologically diagnosed as adenomyoepithelioma, 27 cases were adenomyoepithelial adenosis, and one case was malignant adenomyoepithelioma. Five and nine cases of adenomyoepithelial adenosis were coexistent with Phyllodes tumour and Invasive Breast carcinoma respectively. Results: On further immunohistochemical examination, the tumour showed CK-7, p63 (nuclear positivity) and SMA (cytoplasmic positivity). Increased Ki-67 index (nuclear positivity) was present in the case of malignant myoepithelioma. Conclusion: This case series represents a large volume of cases compared to the available literature and throws light on the pathology of adenomyoepithelial tumours of the breast.

Tremor is a heterogeneous symptom and may be caused by genetic and non-genetic causes. Tremors in the paediatric age group associated with other features may be suggestive of a syndromic diagnosis. We describe the case of a 13-year-old boy who presented to the neurology department with progressive tremors. A reflex genetic evaluation revealed mild-moderate intellectual disability, subtle dysmorphic features and action-induced coarse tremors. A high-resolution chromosomal microarray confirmed the presence of 9p13.3 microdeletion syndrome. We delineate the core features of this syndrome and provide a comparison of all the reported features associated with this contiguous deletion syndrome.

This review explores how emerging technologies are reshaping musculoskeletal radiology. It examines recent advances where computer-based algorithms assist in interpreting complex imaging data, aiming to improve diagnostic accuracy and streamline clinical workflows. The discussion centres on practical applications, including automated lesion detection, fracture identification and the quantitative evaluation of degenerative conditions. Drawing on a range of clinical studies and technological evaluations, the review highlights the potential benefits of these tools while also addressing the challenges of data integrity, regulatory compliance and the need for comprehensive training among radiology professionals. The analysis emphasises that while many of these systems demonstrate significant promise in reducing human error and increasing efficiency, their integration into everyday practice must be approached with caution. Key hurdles include ensuring reliable data quality and balancing technological capabilities with established radiological methods. The review advocates for a measured adoption strategy that combines technological innovation with the expertise of seasoned radiologists. By assessing both the transformative potential and the inherent limitations of current AI applications, this article provides a balanced perspective on future directions in musculoskeletal imaging. The overall goal is to encourage further collaboration among clinicians, engineers and policymakers to foster innovations that enhance patient care without compromising safety or diagnostic standards.

Background and Aims: Postoperative pulmonary complications (PPC) pose significant problems, especially in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). We aimed to assess the risk of developing PPC in COPD patients undergoing non-thoracic surgeries along with its correlation to the type of surgery, anaesthesia technique and patient-related factors. Material and Methods: We prospectively collected data such as the comorbidities, preoperative pulmonary risk scores, recent history of respiratory infection, investigations, surgical (type, duration, surgical urgency and site) and anaesthesia data (general or regional, airway intervention if any), American Society of Anaesthesiologists (ASA) scores, the Assess Respiratory Risk in Surgical Patients in Catalonia (ARISCAT) risk index scores and Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Diseases (GOLD) classification of COPD in 196 patients. We tried to find a correlation between these factors to the development of PPC. Results: The risk of PPC in patients with an ASA category 3 was 3.24 times higher than in those with an ASA 2. It was 1.22 times higher in patients with COPD classified as GOLD criteria 3 compared with those classified as GOLD criteria 1 and 2. PPC in high-risk ARISCAT scores was 4.97 times higher than in patients with intermediate to low-risk ARISCAT scores. The risk factors which had a significant association with PPC were patients more than 65 years of age, patients with metabolic equivalent (MET) score less than 4, respiratory infection in the last 1 month, haemoglobin less than 10 gm/dl, pre-operative oxygen saturation (SpO 2 ) less than 95% on room air, administration of general anaesthesia over regional anaesthesia, emergency surgery and surgical time more than 3 hours. Conclusion: ASA classification and GOLD criteria are useful to assess preoperative health status and the severity of COPD and reasonably predict the risk of PPC. The ARISCAT risk index, however, is a stronger modality to predict PPC.