Ali, H.H., A.H. Mohamed and R.N. Mhed. 2023. Efficiency of Different Local Isolates of Bacillus subtilis in Inducing Resistance Against Tomato spotted wilt virus in Pepper Plants. Arab Journal of Plant Protection, 41(1): 71-76. https://doi.org/10.22268/AJPP-41.1.071076 The study aimed to try to control Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV, genus Orthotospovirus) and reduce pepper yield loss by the application of three local isolates of Bacillus subtillis (B-T isolated from tomato fields, B-G obtained from garden soil, and B-W isolated from wheat fields). The virus was diagnosed based on symptoms produced on pepper plants and DAS-ELISA test. Pepper seeds were treated with a suspension of B. subtillis isolates separately containing 108 CFU/ml after 24 hours. Seeds were dried on filter paper and planted in sterilized soil in 30 cm diameter plastic pots, and placed in cages covered with cheese cloth under greenhouse conditions. The results showed that treatment of pepper seeds with B. subtillis isolates led to an improvement of growth parameters inducing plant growth (plant height, number of leaves, shoot dry weight, disappearance of virus symptoms, and virus inhibition in treated seed plants as compared to the untreated plants. Keywords: Tomato spotted wilt virus, Bacillus spp., pepper, control.

Faskha, S.M., R. Darwish and A. Dayoub. 2022. Prediction of Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) Generations Using Cumulative Degree-Days Model. Arab Journal of Plant Protection, 40(4): 299-306. https://doi.org/10.22268/AJPP-40.4.299306 The seasonal changes in the population density of tomato leafminer, Tuta absoluta, and its relationship to cumulative degree-days was studied using a sex pheromone trap in a plastic house located in Tartous Governorate, Syria during the spring season of two successive years 2020 and 2021. The results obtained showed that the male T. absoluta activity extended from late February to the end of the season in July. The highest density for males recorded in May was 207 and 213 males/trap in both seasons, respectively. The calculation of the cumulative degree-days showed that the insect has five generations with a thermal constant that reached in the first season: 516.95, 510.24, 512.2, 563.44, 565.94 DD for each generation, respectively, and in the second season 554.52, 533.06, 557.21, 502.55, 508.22 DD for each generation, respectively, without significant differences between the two seasons (x² = 6.02, p = 0.2 and x² = 4.94, p = 0.29). However, according to the model followed, a simplified table was proposed to calculate the cumulative degree-day instead of using mathematical models, based only on the daily maximum and minimum temperatures. Keywords: Tuta absoluta, degree-days, generations, Tartous, Syria

Muhrez, K.A., M.Z. Tawil and B. Barhoum. 2021. Effect of Olive Mill Wastewater of in the Control of Olive Verticillium Wilt Caused by Verticillium dahlia Kleb. Arab Journal of Plant Protection, 39(4): 273-280. https://doi.org/10.22268/AJPP-39.4.273280 This research aimed to evaluate the application of olive mill wastewater in controlling Verticillium dahliae the causal agent of olive wilt disease on olive trees. This study was carried out on 2 years old olive local variety (Khderi) plants planted in pots after it has been artificial inoculated with V. dahliae, and severity was recorded within 90 days. Olive mill wastewater (omww) efficacy was estimated at the end of the experiment. Severity was increased from 8.89% before treatment to 28.89% 60 days after treatment, and decreased to 13.33% 90 days after treatment with omww 450 ml/l. Disease severity increased from 11.11% before treatment to 37.78% 60 days after treatment and decreased to 35.56% 90 days after treatment with omww 300 ml/l. Whereas, disease severity increased from 17.78% before treatment to 40% 90 days after treatment with azoxystrobin compared to the inoculated control where disease severity increased from 13.33% before treatment to 100% 90 days after treatment. Omww 450 ml/l had the highest efficacy of 80% followed by azoxystrobin 70%, and omww 300 ml/l 57.33%. It can be concluded that olive mill wastewater has a potential application as a bio-fungicide for the control of olive verticillium wilt disease. Keywords: Olive mill waste waters, Verticillium dahlia, olive, Fungicide.

Bufaur, M., S. Al-Gkhami, R. Bohamdan, W. Ghanem and M. Dawara. 2021. Determination of the Maximum Appearance Period of Capnodis tendebrionisin Al-Sweida-Syria Governorate and Testing the Efficacy of Some Pesticides on the Pest Adults. Arab Journal of Plant Protection, 39(4): 268-272. https://doi.org/10.22268/AJPP-39.4.268272 A weekly adults collection of Capnodis tendebrionis L. (Buprestidae; Coleoptera) was conducted for two seasons (2018, 2019) to determine the maximum insect adults appearance period. Early adult appearance was recorded in the first year in warm-dry months as compared to the second year in cold-wet months. Maximum insect adults appearance was recorded at the end of April during the first season and at the end of May in the second season. A field experiment was carried out to test the efficacy of some pesticides on controlling pest adults: Deltamethrin, 100g/l, Chlorpyriphos-ethyl 48% and Acetamiprid 20% as a foliar spray, and Deltamethrin 0.25% as dusting powder around the stem, in addition to the control. Results obtained showed that Chlorpyriphos-ethyl and the two Deltamethrin treatments were the best on adults and with significant differences compared with Acetamiprid treatment following the first and the second week after spraying in 2018, and the Deltamethrin as dusting powder and Chlorpyriphos-ethyl treatments were the best and with significant differences compared to other treatments were observed. Using Deltamethrin as dusting powder around the stem was highly efficient during three weeks after spraying as compared with other treatments in the two years. Keywords: Capnodis tendebrionis L., Maximum adult appearance period, Deltamethrin, Chlorpyriphos- ethyl and Acetamiprid

The Jassid, Amarasca bigutulla bigutullaa is an important sucking pest of the okra crop. An experimental study was conducted during 2018 to check the comparative toxicity of nitenpyrem and neem oil against jassid under okra field conditions. The study revealed that 24 hours after treatment, nitenpyrem was found more toxic and effective with maximum reduction of jassid population (72.15%). Whereas, 120 hours after treatment with 4% neem oil, 15.05% jassid reduction was observed. The mortality rate of the jassid was increased with increasing in time after application of chemical insecticides. The study concluded that insecticide was most toxic and gives higher mortality of jassid as compared to neem oil. Keywords: Abelmoschus esculentus, Malvaceae, Amarasca bigutulla bigutullaa, botanicals, insecticides, Pakistan

The results of the laboratory experiment showed that the pesticide Tachigaren inhibited the growth of the pathogenic fungus Rhizoctonia solani completely when it was used at a concentration of 2 ml/L, and pathogen inhibition reached 100%, since the fungus did not show any growth, as compared to 1.52 cm growth when 1 ml/L concentration was used. The diametrical growth of pathogenic fungus R. solani when treated with the fungus Trichoderma harzianum (Th) leachate reached 2.63 and 4.56 cm when it was used at 10 and 5 ml/L concentrations, respectively. Whereas, the diametrical growth of the pathogenic fungus when using yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Sc) extract was 3.86 and 8.1 cm at the concentrations of 10 and 5 ml/L, respectively. Results of the field experiment showed a significant decrease in the incidence and severity of infection from 82.2% and 66.96% in the treatment of pathogenic fungus alone, to 24.43% and 19.60% when applying the triple treatment T.h + S.c + fungicide under natural infection conditions. The treatment of triple resistance T.h + S.c + pesticide), under infection conditions. This triple treatment achieved a significant increase in both fresh and dry weight of the cucumber plants, where it reached 45.50 and 9.76 g compared to 21.10 and 2.81 g. for the pathogenic fungus alone treatment. The triple treatment under natural infection conditions achieved a significant increase in plant height and yield, where it reached 97.66 cm and 1.926 kg/plant compared with 28.66 cm and 0.368 kg/plant in the pathogenic fungus alone treatment.

Screening for susceptibility and tolerance to Meloidogyne incognita

New record of red gum lerp psyllid Glycaspis brimblecombei Moore, 1964 was observed in Syria on Eucalyptus spp. leaves during 2018 in Damascus, Damascus country side, Homs, and Tartous governorates. This species belongs to the order Homoptera and family Psyllidae. The identification was based on the sugar wax scale that insects secrete. The scale was separated from the body of the insect. One parasitoid Psyllaephagus bliteus Riek (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) was also observed on nymphs of G. brimblecombei.

Molecular diagnosis of Maize dwarf mosaic virus (MDMV) and bio-control with food supplements and Bacillus subtilis on