Adopting the endomicrosurgical methods for treating diseases of the nose and paranasal sinuses into the practice of otolaryngologists, and the methods of dental implantation and sinus lifting into the practice of dentists, has become an incentive for a more in-depth study of the structural organization of the sinus membrane (Schneiderian membrane) and the processes of its post-traumatic regeneration. The Aim of the Study is to investigate the structure of the maxillary sinus membrane and to establish the presence of the cells capable of osteogenic differentiation. Material and Methods: The biological material was obtained from 20 men aged 38 to 56 years who underwent surgery due to iatrogenic sinus perforation and removal of foreign bodies. A general idea of ​​the structure of the sinus membrane was formed based on histological sections stained by using hematoxylin and eosin; cells-areas of proliferative processes were determined immunohistochemically by the markers ki-67 and a-SMA. Results: The membrane of the maxillary sinus is characterized by a layered arrangement of the structures of the mucosa and periosteum, which are in close structural and functional connection. It is in them and the endothelium of the vessels of the lamina propria of the mucosa that cells with proliferative activity are determined. In the lamina propria of the mucosa, a-SMA cells are present. The periosteum is represented by a single bundle of collagen fibers and does not have a pronounced cambial layer, and accordingly has a low regenerative potential. Conclusion: The sources of osteoprogenitor cells may be endothelial and connective tissue cells that express ki-67 and cells expressing a-SMA. Given the functional significance of a-SMA positive cells, it can be assumed that in the sinus membrane they can: regulate cyclic changes in the degree of swelling of the mucosa; play a directional role in the migration of the epithelial layer during sinus pneumatization and participate in the directed differentiation of cells, including osteoprogenitor cells.

Europäische Wissenschaftliche Gesellschaft Home About the Journal Peer Review Editorial Board For Authors Reviewer Recognition Archive Contact Impressum EWG e.V. Elektronische Zeitschriftbibliotek Logo Bielefeld Academic Search Engine Logo Erfolgreich durch internationale Zusammenarbeit INTERNAL MEDICINE Cite as: Archiv EuroMedica. 2024. 14; 6. DOI 10.35630/2024/14/6.601 Received 7 November 2024; Accepted 10 December 2024; Published 16 December 2024 Diagnosis of Malnutrition and the Application of GLIM Criteria: A Literature Review Adrian Kozieł1 email orcid id logo, Zofia Kurek1 orcid id logo, Aleksander Jentkiewicz1 orcid id logo, Esmail Haj Obeid1 orcid id logo, Jakub Ulrych1 orcid id logo, Jan Krupa1 orcid id logo, Maciej Malinowski1 orcid id logo, Michał Krasowski2 orcid id logo, Alicja Kalinowska1 orcid id logo, Wiktoria Pietras1 orcid id logo 1Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland 2Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland download article (pdf) adriankoziel2001@gmail.com ABSTRACT Malnutrition is a significant public health problem that affects individuals of all ages, particularly the elderly and those with chronic illnesses. According to the definition of the European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism (ESPEN), malnutrition is a state resulting from inadequate intake or absorption of nutrients, leading to changes in body composition and impaired function. This article provides a comprehensive overview of methods for assessing malnutrition, highlighting the urgent need for early diagnosis and intervention. It includes screening methods, nutritional assessment, and the tools that facilitate these processes, with a particular focus on the GLIM (Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition) criteria. The article presents the advantages of these criteria in terms of standardizing malnutrition diagnosis and facilitating global comparisons of intervention outcomes, which can result in the establishment of international standards of care and improved treatment for patients.

Europäische Wissenschaftliche Gesellschaft Home About the Journal Peer Review Editorial Board For Authors Reviewer Recognition Archive Contact Impressum EWG e.V. Elektronische Zeitschriftbibliotek Logo Bielefeld Academic Search Engine Logo Erfolgreich durch internationale Zusammenarbeit GYNECOLOGY Cite as: Archiv EuroMedica. 2024. 14; 6. DOI 10.35630/2024/14/6.606 Received 15 November 2024; Accepted 13 December 2024; Published 16 December 2024 POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME (PCOS): DIAGNOSIS, PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND CONTEMPORARY THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES Jakub Początek orcid id logo, Szczepan Pośpiech, Jakub Prosowski orcid id logo, Michał Piotrowski orcid id logo, Piotr Serwicki email orcid id logo Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland download article (pdf) piooreser@gmail.com ABSTRACT Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder impacting reproductive-aged women, manifesting through hormonal imbalances, metabolic irregularities, and reproductive health issues. It is one of the leading causes of infertility, also contributing significantly to various metabolic and psychological conditions. Effective management of PCOS depends on early and accurate diagnosis, a comprehensive understanding of it’s underlying mechanisms, and the application of individualized treatment strategies. Aim of the Study: This study seeks to consolidate existing knowledge on PCOS, outline diagnostic criteria, examine pathophysiological mechanisms, and evaluate both conventional and modern therapeutic approaches. This study aims to promote improved health outcomes and care strategies for women with PCOS by examining recent research findings. Materials and Methods: A systematic review of scientific literature was conducted through PubMed, Google Scholar, and other databases, focusing on diagnostic advancements, insights into pathophysiology, and innovative therapeutic methods for PCOS. Only studies published from 2019 onwards were included to ensure the use of the most recent data and developments in the field. Results: Although research has advanced, PCOS remains a complex condition with significant diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. Recent studies propose innovative diagnostic and treatment approaches that offer clinicians alternative options for cases that do not respond to standard management methods. Conclusions: PCOS continues to present a significant challenge in women’s health. Ongoing research into diagnostic techniques and treatment options enriches current guidelines, facilitates the creation of standardized protocols, and supports more timely and effective management strategies tailored to individual needs.

Aims: This review aims to explore the efficacy, mechanisms, administration routes, and safety profiles of ketamine and esketamine in the treatment of treatment-resistant depression (TRD). Methods: A comprehensive review of recent studies on ketamine and esketamine’s therapeutic applications in TRD was conducted. Sources included randomized controlled trials, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses from PubMed and Google Scholar. Results: Ketamine demonstrated rapid antidepressant effects within hours of administration, with symptom relief lasting several days to weeks. Esketamine, developed as an intranasal spray, provided an alternative route, improving accessibility while delivering therapeutic benefits. Additionally, ketamine has shown rapid effects on suicidal ideation, making it a viable option for crisis management in TRD patients. Both ketamine and esketamine enhance neuroplasticityby antagonizing NMDA receptors, leading to increased glutamate release, which activates AMPA receptors and promotes synaptogenesis. Clinical studies have shown that ketamine induces an immediate surge in brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and upregulates the mTOR pathway, essential for the formation and strengthening of synaptic connections in mood-regulating brain regions. Although treatment is effective in the short-term, the data on long-term safety is scarce. Conclusions: Ketamine and esketamine represent significant advancements in the treatment of TRD, offering rapid symptom relief and neuroplastic benefits not achieved with traditional antidepressants. Future studies are required to establish long-term safety profiles and optimize dosing regimens. Overall, ketamine-based therapies provide a promising alternative for patients unresponsive to conventional treatments.

Background: Complex posttraumatic stress disorder (CPTSD) results from particularly severe, often long-lasting and/or repetitive trauma. In addition to the familiar symptoms of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) (symptom triad of recollection, avoidance, hyperarousal), CPTSD is characterised by a complex structure of cognitive, affective and social interaction aspects. As a result, all areas of the affected person's life may be impaired. Those affected by CPTSD often experience lower self-esteem and reduced self-efficacy compared to those who are not affected (cf. Simmen-Janevska et al., 2012). Therapeutic boxing (TB) uses movements, techniques and exercises derived from boxing to enable practitioners and students to experience and relearn body awareness and needs. This can open up previously unknown or long-lost experiences of self-efficacy for the participant. As with other psychovegetative indications, acupuncture is used in the treatment of PTSD and CPTSD. The combination of acupuncture and conventional guideline-based trauma therapy has already proven to be more successful for PTSD than conventional trauma therapy alone (Engel et al., 2014). Acupuncture impacts systems involved in emotional sensation, such as the serotonergic system (Yoshimoto et al. 2006) at the transmitter level, or the limbic system and the prefrontal cortex at a functional level (Wahbeh et al., 2015), and appears to be suitable for alleviating PTSD-associated symptoms (Ding et al. 2020). Based on the observed, assumed, and proven mechanisms of action of both therapeutic methods presented here, a combined application of the two appears to be useful in the treatment of Complex Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Goals: This article examines the combination of therapeutic boxing and acupuncture with regard to CPTSD on the basis of a case report. A hypothesis regarding the possible effectiveness of therapeutic boxing is introduced. In addition, the state of research regarding therapeutic boxing in general, and the use of acupuncture for PTSD/CPTSD in particular is explored. Case description: The TB student, who is diagnosed with CPTSD and severely impaired in various areas of her life, had far-reaching experiences of increased self-efficacy attending therapeutic boxing which had a positive effect on her everyday life outside of therapeutic boxing. Acupuncture helped her to cope better with CPTSD-related physical symptoms and intense feelings that were perceived as uncomfortable. Conclusion: Based on the observations and statements described in the case report, it can be hypothesised that practicing therapeutic boxing may lead to experiences of increased self-efficacy. (Re-)Learning to act out suppressed feelings of anger and being able to appropriately manage one's own strength might be identifiable mechanisms behind the observed experiences of increased self-efficacy of those affected by CPTSD. Therapeutic boxing and acupuncture - either on their own or in combination - appear to contribute to the alleviation of even severe complex post-traumatic stress disorders. Considering the potential scientific and social relevance, there appears to be a well-founded and urgent need for further research.

We present a clinical case that reflects the effectiveness of eversion carotid endarterectomy in a patient with complete blockage of the carotid arteries. A 62 y.o. patient was admitted to the clinic with complaints of dizziness and syncopal events such as “blackouts” when turning his head to the side. Angiography revealed that the right external carotid artery is stenotic up to 85%, the internal one is up to 90%, and the circle of Willis is closed. Endarterectomy was performed from the common carotid, internal carotid and external carotid arteries, with their complete cutting off and subsequent plastic suturing, i.e. formation of a trifurcation anastomosis. As shown in control angiography, the patency of the carotid segment was completely restored, and there was no neurological deficit.

The subject of our considerations was the impact of individual dietary components on the occurrence of gastrointestinal cancers. These cancers are relatively common in our population, which is why we focused on analyzing the influence of diet, a modifiable factor that is the subject of intense research. We particularly emphasized the vegetarian diet, which reduces the incidence of these diseases. We thoroughly analyzed specific dietary components and their potential impact on the occurrence of these cancers. The aim of this study was to increase public awareness of how diet significantly influences our health. Additionally, we hope that it will motivate readers to change their dietary habits and eliminate harmful components. Methods: We analyzed specialized literature and scientific articles on PubMed to demonstrate the relationship between specific dietary components and the occurrence of gastrointestinal cancers. Conclusion: In our study, we demonstrated the correlation between individual dietary components and the occurrence of gastrointestinal cancers. Additionally, we highlighted the positive impact of a vegetarian diet compared to a meat-based diet in the pathogenesis and susceptibility to these diseases.

Asthma is a disease characterized by chronic inflammation of the respiratory tract. It is defined by the occurrence of symptoms such as wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and cough. Restriction of airflow is caused by the contraction of smooth muscles and swelling of the bronchial mucosa, formation of mucus plugs and remodeling of the bronchial wall. Vitamin D (cholecalciferol) is a steroid hormone that must be supplied to the body. It may be provided with food (ergocalciferol) or synthesized in the skin by solar radiation. Vitamin D produced in the skin has no biological activity, it undergoes hydroxylation in the liver and kidneys to active form – 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol. Aims: The aim of this review is to assess the impact of vitamin D supplementation on asthma management and exacerbation occurrence and severity. Methods: We conducted this literature review by selecting articles, meta-analyses and reviews from recent clinical trials from Pubmed. Results: Studies have shown the strong immunomodulatory impact of vitamin D and that there are beneficial effects of vitamin D supplementation in individuals with asthma whose vitamin D levels are insufficient. Conclusions: Children and adults have provided significant evidence demonstrating the beneficial effects of vitamin D supplementation in people with asthma, whose vitamin D levels are insufficient. The role of vitamin D status in patients with asthma with adequate vitamin D levels is still a matter of debate. Medical doctors need to monitor the level of vitamin D in their patients and, if necessary, supplement its deficiencies.

The article presents updated data reflecting the quantitative characteristics of the kidneys in representatives of various somatotypes among adolescent girls in the Donetsk region. Given the high level of morbidity of the urinary system, regular review of echographic patterns of kidney normality is necessary. Determining the features of kidney size depending on the somatotype is an important task of morphology, corresponding to the modern trends of an individual approach in medicine. The information obtained is undoubtedly of value for ultrasound specialists, nephrologists, as well as scientists in theoretical medicine. Materials and Methods: The object of the study was 150 polypositional ultrasound scans of the right and left kidneys of apparently healthy adolescent girls in the Donetsk region (75 subjects). The scans were obtained during a study in B-mode of the gray scale in standard positions (on the back and on the side) using the Radmir device, with a convex sensor. Anthropometric measurements were carried out according to the generally accepted V.V. Bunak’s method. Somatotyping was performed according to the Sheldon's method as modified by Heath and Carter. Calculations were carried out in the Statistica 13 program. Results: the subjects were divided into three groups, according to their specific somatotype. Morphometric ultrasound parameters of the right and left kidneys were obtained. During the statistical analysis, we established distinctive features of the morphometric parameters of the kidneys depending on the somatotypological affiliation of adolescent girls of the Donetsk region. Conclusion: statistically significant differences were found in the quantitative characteristics of the right and left kidneys in representatives of different somatotypes.