Background: The prognosis of patients who have carcinoma of the colon is dependent on several factors that are clinical, pathological, and biological. Adequate lymph node staging in patients with colon cancer is important for determining prognosis and planning further treatment. We aimed to determine what factors might predict survival in patients with right colon cancer. Methods: Between 2007 and 2014, consecutive patients undergoing operation for adenocarcinoma of the right-sided colon were enrolled in this study. The following factors were analyzed with the Cox regression model: age, gender, localization of the tumor, recurrence, pTNM stage, removed and invaded lymph node status (MLN) and survival rate. Multivariate models were used to assess the adjusted effects and to explore the interaction between survival and other factors. Results: A total of 56 (38,1%) men and 91 (61,9%) women, mean age being 61,8 ± 15,9 years, were included. The mean survival time was 46,5 ± 43,2 months. The mean LN number was 18,8 ± 9,44; MLN number was 2,66 ± 5,13. Age, total LN, MLN number and postoperative stage were significant in the univariate analysis for survival. Independent predictors of survival in multivariate analysis were age (p=0,019), postoperative stage (p=0,039), and MLN (p=0,003). Conclusions: LN metastasis is a prognostic feature in patients by means of colon cancer. It could not be changed independent of a number of prognostic factors, such as age, but LN number was dependent on operation in right colon cancer surgery. LN yields have been linked to improved survival and its determination is reliant on both the surgeon and the pathologist.

Aim: A variety of traditional first aid methods in the treatment of burns have been developed. These treatment modalities can bring unusual medical issues. We present a traditional burns first aid method ‘shoe polish applying’ for scald burns. Methods: 5 patients (Male: 3, Female: 2), who applied shoe polish to burns due to scald burns, were admitted to our burn centre between 2002 and 2015. The mean age was 29.8 (range: 20 -53). Olive oil impregnated gauzes were applied to facilitate removing the paint at the night before the operation. Mechanical debridement by using Versajet (Smith & Nephew, London,UK) was performed while patients were under general anesthesia. Results: The shoe polish was removed from all of the patients. Burned areas healed after appropriate dressings and no skin graft application was needed. Conclusion: The Versajet Hydrosurgery System and olive oil or other oily substances usage has strong effects on the treatment. Permanent black tattoos can occur in the later stages, if patients do not take proper treatment.

‘Pilonidal sinus’ disease, which is most commonly seen in reproductive populations, such as young adults - mostly in males who are in their twenties - is actually a controversial disease in that there is no consensus on its many facets. It is sometimes seen as an infected abscess draining from an opening or a lesion extending to the perineum. It may also present as a draining fistula opening to skin. In terms of etiological factors, various theories (main theories being congenital and acquired) have been established since it was first described, no universal understanding achieved. A long and significant post-operative care period with different lengths of recovery depending on the type of operation are quite prevalent with regards to recurrence and complication status. In order to prevent recurrence and improve the quality of life, etiological and predisposing factors as well as clinical features of sacrococcygeal pilonidal disease should be well known, a detailed differential diagnosis should be made, and a suitable and timely intervention should be performed. It was aimed here to explain the etiological factors, pathogenesis and clinical features of the disease that may present with various clinical symptoms.

Objective: An experimental study was performed to evaluate the effect of dexmedetomidine on lung injury secondary to experimental intra-abdominal hypertension (IAH). Methods: Eighteen Wistar-albino rats were included and allocated into 3 groups - the control group (CG, n=6), the sham group (SG, n=6) and the dexmedetomidine group (DG, n=6). No intervention was made in CG. IAH was achieved by insufflating atmospheric air with a percutaneous intraperitoneal needle up to 15 mmHg pressures in SG and DG. At the 60th min of IAH, physiological serum (1.5 ml/100 grams/hr) in SG and dexmedetomidine (1 mcg/kg/hr) in DG were infused for 30 min through the tail vein. At the 90th min, the left inferior lobes of the lung were harvested for biochemical (nitric oxide-NO, malondialdehyde-MDA) and histopathological (alveolar hemorrhage, edema, congestion, leukocyte infiltration) examination. Results: There was no significant difference between any of the groups with regards to NO and MDA levels (p>0.05). His- topathologically, although alveolar hemorrhage, edema, congestion, leukocyte infiltration were increased in SG compared to CG and DG, the difference was not statistically significant (p>0.05). There was no significant difference between CG and DG with respect to histopathological grading (p>0.05). Conclusion: IAP of 15 mmHg in rats causes mild injury in lung parenchyma. The administration of DEX in clinical doses does not seem to significantly affect the lungs of rats.

Background: Fournier's gangrene (FG) is a rapidly progressive, destructive, necrotizing fasciitis of perianal, perineal,and genital region. The common clinical symptoms include sudden intense pain in the scrotum, prostration,fever, and pallor. In this study, it was aimed to assess FG in a wider angle. Methods: 60 patients with the mean age of 55 (ranged between 48-62) that presented with FG in our hospital over a 6 year period between April 2008 and March 2014 were retrospectively reviewed. Age, gender, site of gangrene, risk factors, symptoms, microbiology, treatment modalities, FGSI score, and mortality datas were evaluated. Results: 60 male patients with the mean age of 55 (ranged between 48-62) were included to the study. 50 patients survived, mortality rate was 16.6%. Septic shock (n: 4), cardiogenic shock (n:4) and pneumonia (n:2) were causes of death. As a risk factor, 45 (75%) patients had DM, 40 (66.6%) patients had HT, and 35 (58.3%) patients had both DM and HT. There were no other co-morbid situation for 10 (16.6%) patients. All the survived 50 patients were suitable for surgical reconstruction. STSG procedure was performed for 46 (76.6%) patients and flap reconstruction was performed for 4 (6.6%) patients. None of the patients had hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBO). Length of hospitalization was 16 days (5-58) for all patients. A mean FGSI score at admission was of 5.02 +/- 2.45 for survivors compared with 13.8 +/- 4.53 for non-survivors. A mean FGSI score was of 4.56 +/- 2.28 for survivors and 11.50 +/- 2.63 in non-survivors during hospitalization. Conclusion: Although FG has high mortality rates, appropriate management of the disease can reduce rates. Early diagnosis, surgical debridement, VAC application and antibiotherapy are the essentials for FG. [Arch Clin Exp Surg 2016; 5(3.000): 154-159]

Objective: The protective effect of aloe vera is due to its anti-inflammatory properties. This experimental study focused on revealing the effects of aloe vera on antioxidant systems and determining the number of degenerated neurons after cerebral ischemia and reperfusion. Methods: Twenty-one rats were divided equally into three groups: group I rats were used as controls; group II rats were fed with standard diet, and group III rats were fed with standard diet plus aloe vera for 30 days. For groups II and III, the right middle cerebral arteries were occluded for 45 min and then reperfused for 24 h. After these procedures, rats in all groups were sacrificed. The levels of malondialdehyde and nuclear respiratory factor-1 and superoxide dismutase activity in the right cerebral cortex were measured. The number of degenerated neurons was counted in histological samples of the right cerebral cortex. Neuronal nitric oxide synthase expression was examined with immunohistochemical methods. Results: Superoxide dismutase activity and nuclear respiratory factor-1 levels were decreased in group II compared with group I (p<0.05). In group III, superoxide dismutase activity and nuclear respiratory factor-1 levels were increased compared to group II (p<0.05). Malondialdehyde levels were decreased in group III compared to group II (p<0.05). The number of degenerated neurons was lower in group III compared to group II. Neuronal nitric oxide synthase expression was lower in group III compared to group II. Conclusions: The present findings suggest that aloe vera can reduce oxidative stress and degenerative changes in ischemic rat brain. Aloe vera supplementation may be useful for preventing or ameliorating ischemic cerebral disease. [Arch Clin Exp Surg 2016; 5(2.000): 85-93]

Aim: Gastric disorders present in a wide range, including malignant and benign diseases of the upper gastrointestinal system. Increased MPV levels are associated with inflammation. The goal of this study was to determine the diagnostic importance of MPV in gastric disorders and evaluate level of MPV in patients that underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. Materials and Methods: Patients who had undergone endoscopy and shown to have a gastric disorder with blood count performed were included in the study. Only one surgeon performed all of the endoscopies. MPV value, platelet count, hemoglobin and white blood cell count levels were analyzed. Results: 116 patients were included in the study. Mean age of all patients was 47,8±16,4. Mean value of MPV was determined to be 7,79±1,21, within the range of 5,85 to 12,5 fL. There was no significant correlation between diagnoses and MPV levels (P>0,05). Additionally, there was no significant difference in MPV levels in histopathological diagnoses groups (p>0,05). There was a highly negative correlation between platelet count and MPV levels in a Scatter Plot correlation graph (r=0,083). Conclusions: MPV is a frequently used hematological parameter that indicates platelet function and activity affected by inflammation. It was hypothesized that changes in MPV levels could be associated with gastric disorders. Statistical analysis of the data revealed there was no association between MPV and gastric disorders. It is suggested that MPV is not a suitable marker to determine gastric disorders, however further larger studies can be useful to determine the importance of MPV such a context.

This article provides an overview of surgical procedures performed with questionable or excessively radical indications, such as the lung denervation as a treatment of asthma, or the porto-systemic shunting for Type 1 diabetes mellitus. An immediate effect of an invasive procedure including a surgical operation can be influenced by different non-specific factors including a placebo effect. There is an opinion that surgery is associated with a placebo-effect, which can be stronger in case of a more invasive procedure. Reported moderate efficiency of the procedures discussed here could have been caused by placebo effect and/or inexact evaluation. These days, the improvement of Russian economy has enabled the acquisition of modern equipment and supported increasing levels of medical research. Under these circumstances, the purpose of this review is to help to correct the historical problems of surgery in Russia and to remind that, when performing surgical or other invasive procedures, the risk-to-benefit ratio should be minimized. [Arch Clin Exp Surg 2015; 4(4.000): 215-221]

Actinomycosis is an uncommon chronic suppurative infectious disease that is caused by Actinomycetes organisms, which are gram-positive, microaerophilic, anaerobic bacteria. Herein, we present the case of a 42-year-old female patient who underwent surgical exploration following presentation with abdominal pain and an abdominal mass, initially thought to be a malignancy. Histological examination of the specimen revealed colon actinomycosis.

Horses have been identified as the major cause of animal-related farm injuries. Interaction with horses may cause severe dental and orofacial trauma, mostly caused by falls, collision with branches when riding in forests or by horse kicks. Children are uniquely prone to animal-related injuries because of inexperience, incomplete physical and cognitive development and a lack of proper training. Horse-related injuries account for a large percentage of injuries of head/maxillofacial trauma in pediatric farm populations. Although soft tissue contusions, lacerations and abrasions are the most common horse-related injures, head/maxillofacial trauma remains the predominant cause of death, especially in pediatric farm populations. The objective of this case report is to describe a case of severe maxillofacial injuries due to a horse hoof kick. [Arch Clin Exp Surg 2015; 4(1.000): 64-68]