Liver transplantation is a curative treatment for many patients with end-stage liver disease, acute liver failure, and primary liver cancer when certain criteria are met. The persistent imbalance between organ availability and the number of patients on the waiting list presents both ethical and medical challenges in everyday clinical practice. Expanding the donor pool-and consequently increasing the number of retrieved grafts-requires action on multiple levels. These include raising awareness about organ donation, promoting willingness to donate, and increasing knowledge of post-transplant outcomes among the general population and healthcare professionals. In addition, organ acceptance criteria should be refined by incorporating recent advances in transplant hepatology and surgery. The survival benefit achieved through liver transplantation is well established for many conditions. To further improve long-term outcomes, more tailored and refined surveillance protocols are needed for the metabolic and neoplastic comorbidities that commonly develop after transplantation. In this updated literature review, we aim to highlight the main advances in these two crucial areas of liver transplantation.

Human health faces significant challenges due to global changes driven by human activities, such as climate change and biodiversity loss. These phenomena can impact the quality of life both independently and together. The United Nations Environmental Program has labeled these changes as a "nature crisis" because they affect various aspects of human life. In this context, health issues can be categorized as direct or indirect effects of the nature crisis. Direct effects: i. Temperature change: Heat waves are rapidly increasing mortality rates. ii. Hydrometeorological hazards: Floods can compromise water quality, creating health risks. iii. Air pollution: Climate change can increase the mobility of pollutants, worsening air quality. Indirect effects: i. Vector-borne diseases: For example, changes in weather patterns can alter the distribution of vectors, such as mosquitoes, affecting disease transmission. ii. Water-borne diseases: Increased incidence of diarrheal diseases can occur as water quality deteriorates. iii. Food-borne diseases: For instance, climate change can increase pathogens in agricultural products, posing health risks. Health impacts vary by regions, and vulnerable populations often have lower adaptive capacities. Health policies must be tailored globally and locally to address these issues, emphasizing protection for the most at-risk groups. Collaboration between the health and environmental sectors is essential to solve these growing problems. However, current adaptation policies are constantly challenged by the nature crisis. Therefore, humanity must intensify its efforts to mitigate climate change and reduce land use changes to preserve biodiversity.

The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) plays a crucial role in immune responses and is associated with disease susceptibility. This study systematically reviews MHC class I and class II allele frequencies and their associations with diseases in the Mexican population from 1979 to 2023. A systematic review following PRISMA guidelines was conducted. Reports were obtained from the Allele Frequency Net Database and PubMed using keywords related to HLA and Mexican populations. A total of 776 reports were screened, and 214 were retained for final analysis. Seventy-six studies comprising allele frequency data from over 20,000 individuals across Mexican states and indigenous communities were analyzed. In addition, over 138 articles were examined to identify alleles associated with various diseases. The analysis identified 117 alleles whose frequencies varied regionally within Mexico. While DPA1*01, DPB1*04:01, and DQA1*03 were predominant, DRB1*04, DQB1*03, and DQA1*05 were also prominent but variable. Certain alleles, such as A*02, B*35, C*04, and C*07, were relatively common in the population. Numerous disease correlations were uncovered, such as B*27's strong association with spondyloarthropathies. DRB1*15:01 and DRB1*04 conferred an increase in multiple sclerosis, while DRB1*04 may protect against some skin diseases. This review improves the understanding of MHC allele frequencies and disease associations in Mexicans, highlighting genetic diversity. The findings lay the groundwork for future research on genetic predispositions and health outcomes, aiding healthcare strategies in this diverse population. Further studies are needed to address data gaps and refine genetic profiles for targeted medical applications.