Plant viruses and microbiomes are pivotal to plant health, growth, and their ability to withstand environmental challenges. However, the extent to which viruses engage in direct or indirect crosstalk with plant-associated microbial communities remains largely unexplored. Traditionally, plant viruses are considered as harmful agents that disrupt normal plant functions, but new research indicates they may also engage in complex interactions with the plant's microbiome. On the other hand, the plant microbiome, comprising a diverse assembly of bacteria, fungi, and other microbes, can influence the plant's responses to viral infections, potentially altering the course of the disease. Thus, we emphasize the intricate interplay between plant viruses and microbiomes, particularly how viruses might "communicate" with microbial communities to alter the host environment or bypass immune defenses. The mechanisms driving these interactions, such as virus-induced shifts in plant metabolism, signaling pathways, and immune responses that indirectly affect microbiome composition are also discussed. The beneficial effect of plant-associated microbial communities against viral infections and the strategy of microbiome-based approaches for managing viral diseases are also focused. By moving beyond the traditional view of pathogen-host interactions, this review will highlight the importance of considering the three-way relationship among plants, viruses, and microbiomes to advance our understanding of plant health and foster innovative solutions for sustainable agriculture.

Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD) is a tick-borne zoonotic disease in India that causesfatal hemorrhagic fever in humans. Despite its complex network of hosts and vectors,the interspecific interactions shaping its disease ecology remain underexplored. Weaimed to identify these interactions and pathways aiding disease spread withinconnected landscapes and across geographic barriers. Through a systematic reviewand meta-analysis, we mapped KFD locations, vectors' feeding niches, and diseasehosts. We found 53 KFD associated species from Western Ghats (active diseaselocation) and 27 potentially associated species from Andaman and Nicobar Islands(KFD seroprevalence location). Each tick's host ranges revealed unique interactionsand potential transmission patterns among host animals. We challenge the currentnotion of KFD as an endemic primate disease, since primates are absent in themajority of the islands of Andaman and Nicobar with seroprevalence. Here, smallmammals could be local hosts, while birds may act as potential dispersers across geographic barriers.

The non-polio-enteroviruses are ubiquitous pathogens infecting over a billion people in the world. An alarming number of enterovirus-associated acute flaccid paralysis, encephalitis, hand, foot, and mouth disease, conjunctivitis and diarrhoea cases are reported worldwide. Despite their clinical significance, vaccine development has been hindered due to lack of suitable in vitro models for preclinical investigations. The present study was undertaken to develop a cell line assembled organotypic model of human intestine for replication of enteroviruses. An enterovirus specific PSGL1 receptor was introduced in intestinal epithelial HCT-8 cell line employing CRISPR/cas9 gene editing. It was co-cultured with human colon (CCD-18) and endothelial (HUVEC) cell lines with peripheral blood mononuclear cells in hanging drops and rotating wall vessel bioreactor to yield three-dimensional organoids. Histological analysis of the organoids showed presence of columnar epithelium cells with prominent intracytoplasmic mucin, hyperchromatic nuclei and presence of CK, CK20, MUC 2 and Villin markers characteristic of epithelial cells. Infection with Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) demonstrated significantly higher viral titre in organoids compared to individual cell lines. Collectively, these findings determine, for the first time, a cell line-derived enteric organoid model that supports robust enterovirus replication, offering a cost-effective and physiologically relevant system for virology research and preclinical applications.