Introduction: Oral health is a basic aspect of high-performance athletes. In general, the emergence of gingivitis, periodontal disease, pericoronitis, caries, attrition and dental erosion are key aspects to take into account in relation to oral health. Objective: The purpose of the study was to determine the prevalence of dental attrition and wear in a group of highperformance athletes (HPA) and the characteristics associated with their occurrence. Material and method: A total of 156 individuals (88 men and 68 women) participated in the study. The median age was 23 (20-27) years. Their oral health was evaluated using a questionnaire established for this purpose (Tooth Wear Evaluation System-TWES and Basic Erosive Wear Examination-BEWE), as well as a standardized dental consultation. Crude odds ratios were calculated. Results: A high prevalence of attrition was found in one in four athletes. Likewise, dental erosion was found in 84.25% of those evaluated. Being a woman, having a higher sporting age, and a TWES score above one were positively associated with the occurrence of attrition. On the other hand, being a man, having a TWES greater than one, and having a greater amount of dental wear was positively associated with dental erosion. Conclusion: High levels of attrition and dental erosion were found in the HPA. These findings would have a negative impact on the athlete’s health and sports performance.

Introduction: Anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) have been known to enhance muscle development, yet they have also been associated with detrimental cardiovascular changes in both the heart and blood vessels. Objectives: This study aimed to identify electrocardiographic changes in individuals consuming anabolic steroids in relation to body image enhancement. Material and method: We conducted a descriptive cross-sectional study among individuals using AAS for body image improvement and engaging in amateur gym training. Electrocardiographic changes were assessed according to international criteria for electrocardiogram interpretation in amateur athletes. Two experts independently analyzed the electrocardiograms, along with collecting data such as duration of consumption, age, and gender. Results: Twelve-lead electrocardiograms were obtained from 23 participants, with 95.4% being male and 4.6% female, recruited through snowball sampling. Exercise-related changes, deemed expected per international criteria for electrocardiogram interpretation in amateur athletes, were observed, alongside findings considered borderline. However, abnormal changes were identified in 7 individuals, including anterior T-wave inversion (4.35%), complete left bundle branch block (4.35%), prolonged QT interval (4.35%), left posterior block (4.35%), and nonspecific ST-segment depression with left ventricular hypertrophy (4.35%). Conclusions: Several electrocardiographic abnormalities were identified, which could pose serious implications, with over 50% of participants exhibiting borderline changes associated with anabolic steroid use. Further longitudinal and associative studies are warranted to comprehend their impact on the cardiovascular system. Developing public policies involving increased state control of these substances and promoting supervision by healthcare professionals is imperative.

Introduction: Pacing strategy plays a crucial role in running performance. However, pacing profiles from world records (WRs) in women have not been reported in the scientific literature yet. Therefore, the aims of the present study were to determine the pacing strategies used to achieve WRs in Olympic track long-distance running events, and to compare them between sexes. Material and method: Overall finishing and split times for 3,000-m steeplechase, 5,000-m and 10,000 m WRs until 2014 were collected where available. Those broken from 2015 to 2021 were extracted from the website (www.worldathletics.org). Pacing profiles were obtained for 37 3,000-m steeplechase, 44 5,000-m, and 42 10,000-m world records. Results: Both 5,000-m and 10,000-m WRs displayed a U-shaped pattern characterised by faster first and last kms than those in the central part of the race. Accordingly, significant overall variations in pace were found across the race during 5,000-m (P <0.001, η2 = 0.302) and 10,000-m (P <0.001, η2 = 0.22) WRs in both sexes. Furthermore, the first km was relatively faster in men than women in the 10,000-m event (P = 0.001, d = 0.70). Conclusions: Current 5,000-m and 10,000-m WRs followed a more even pacing strategy and with faster endspurts than previous records, potentially due to the assistance of new wavelight and shoe technologies. In addition, men’s and women’s 3,000-m steeplechase WRs followed U-shaped and even pacing strategies, respectively. Future world record attempts will likely benefit from the combined assistance of pacemakers and the wavelight technology, in order to facilitate even rather than U-shaped pacing strategies, especially in men.

Objectives: The growing diffusion of sports activities is centering attention on the development of diseases correlated with sports performance. The most common diseases reported by sswimmers are dental stains. They are also exposed to the onset of erosive tooth wear and harbor cariogenic bacteria. Considering that the oral cavity of swimmers is in close contact with the swimming pool water in their daily training environment, this study aimed to evaluate whether swimming can change salivary parameters and oral microbiota of amateur athletes. Material and method: This before-after study included 18 amateur athletes between 10 to 18 years old from a Swimming Team who practiced the sport at least three times a week. The swimmers were interviewed by a questionnaire and clinically evaluated. Unstimulated saliva was collected before and immediately after swimming. The salivary flow, pH, and buffer capacity were evaluated. The microbiological analysis included: total microorganisms, mutans streptococci group, Lactobacillus spp., and Candida spp. Wilcoxon test was applied before and after swimming with 5% level of significance. Results: A total of 18 subjects participated in this study. All of the pool parameters were under acceptable limit. There was no statistical difference in the salivary parameters: salivary flow (P = 0.264), pH (P = 0.132); buffer capacity (P = 0.067). Regarding the oral microbiota, no significant differences were found before and after swimming for mutans streptococci group (P = 0.950), Lactobacillus spp. (P = 0.432), Candida spp. (P = 0.386), and total microorganisms (P = 0.332). Conclusion: No change was observed in the salivary parameters and the oral microbiota before and after swimming in the evaluated group.

This study investigates the impact of Guanidinoacetic Acid (GAA) supplementation in basketball, a high-intensity sport requiring optimal nutrition and recovery strategies. Ergogenic aids like Creatine (CRM) are common, but GAA, a creatine precursor, may be more beneficial. Involving 31 semi-professional male and female players, the study compared GAA, CRM, and placebo groups. Results showed significant physical performance improvements in females using GAA, particularly in Counter Movement Jump (CMJ) and Handgrip (HG). Male GAA users showed CMJ improvements, while CRM enhanced cognitive functions in males. The study suggests GAA’s potential in enhancing physical performance, especially in women, and highlights the need for further research on GAA and CRM effects, considering gender differences.

Introduction: The relation of a biological variable to body mass is typically characterized by an allometric scaling law. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between oxygen consumption (VO2max), as a parameter of aerobic exercise performance, and body composition in rugby players. Material and method: The sample included one hundred and seven males of the Spanish rugby team. Age: 25.1 ± 3.4 years; body mass (BM): 89.8 ± 11.7 kg, height: 182.4 ± 6.5 cm; 52 backs (BR) and 55 forwards (FR). Maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max, l.min-1) was measured during treadmill exercise test with progressive workload. Anthropometrical measurements were performed to estimate the fat-free mass (FFM) and muscle mass (MM). The allometric exponent “b” was determined from equation y = a * xb; where “y” is VO2max and, “x” is the corresponding mass (BM, FFM or MM) and “a” is one constant. Results: The VO2max was 4.87 ± 0.56 l.min-1, BR vs FR, 4.67 ± 0.48 l.min-1 vs 5.06 ± 0.06 l.min-1; FFM: 77.5±7.7 kg, 73.5±7 kg vs 81.3±6.3 kg; and MM: 52.9±6.5 kg, 49.6±5.6 kg vs 56.1±5.8 kg. The allometric exponents (p <0.0001; R2 = 0.4) were: 0.58 for BM (95% CI: 0.45 - 0.72); 0.71 for FFM (95% CI: 0.53 - 0.90); and 0.58 for MM (95% CI: 0.43 - 0.73). Significant differences (p <0.0001) were found BR vs FR according to their anthropometric characteristics and VO2max with respect to BM and MM without allometric scaling. While the VO2max indexed by means of allometric scaling was similar between BR and FR. Conclusions: In comparative studies, the VO2max should be expressed proportional to the 0.58 power of body mass or related to FFM in order to take into account the variability in of body composition in rugby players.

Introduction: Several international sports federations have implemented a standardized injury registration system during their championships. However, very few studies have included athletes with disabilities during major competitions, apart from the Paralympic Games. Therefore, the objective of this study is to evaluate the rate and characteristics of illnesses and injuries during the 2021 South America Wheelchair Basketball Championships. Material and method: The coaching staff of the 11 participating teams (a total of 129 players) were asked to report daily all the health problems that have occurred and their characteristics in a standardized form. Prevalence and incidence rates were calculated. Results: In this study 108 health problems were reported, equivalent to 83.7 per 100 players [95% CI: 67.9-99.5], with 8 timeloss health problems (6.2 per 100 players [95% CI: 1.9-10.5]) and a total of 74 medical attention injuries (57.4 per 100 players [95% CI:44.3-70.4]). Were reported 15 diseases, and the most affected organ systems were ophthalmologic, gastrointestinal, and genitourinary. More injuries were recorded during matches (n=43). The most affected regions were shoulder/clavicle (24.7%), hand/fingers (23.7%) and neck/cervical spine (12.9%). The most frequent conditions were muscle contractures/cramps (32.2%), and the predominant mechanism was overuse (53.8%). 2.2% of concussions produced during training were reported. Most of the recorded events were without time loss and with return to full participation between zero and one day. Conclusion: Monitoring of health problems during competitions is essential to determine sport-specific injury risk factors, and a complex approach should be implemented for the recognition of their characteristics in wheelchair basketball players. In this way, adequate preventive measures can be developed.

Introduction: Each development stage of the healthcare system and medicine is associated not only with the emergence of new integrated areas of knowledge, but also with radical changes in the technology of the doctor’s work with the patient, algorithms, methods for collecting, processing information, and making decisions. Also, many postulates need revision, activation of existing reserves, certain concepts also require a new interpretation. Objective: To form a high-quality medical model for the rehabilitation of highly qualified athletes. Material and method: The paper proposes a model for constructing a quality assessment of rehabilitation of athletes based on probabilistic methods. The novelty of the study underlies the transition from a qualitative to a quantitative assessment of health, which has become a new direction in the assessment and management of health. Results: The authors present a model of a qualitative increase in the managerial process by the rehabilitation of highly qualified athletes. The paper proves that it is necessary to determine the ability to measure and express the basic properties of any organism in conditionally qualitative proportions – the ability to withstand various stressful effects and adverse environmental influences. Conclusion: The practical significance of the study is determined by the fact that it is necessary to search for evaluative health criteria, and in the individual’s ability to carry out biological and social functions. The perfection of these functions in humans can also be described quantitatively, by reserves of energy, plastic, and regulatory support of functions.