Introduction: Increased blood sugar levels are a hallmark of diabetes mellitus, a metabolic disease caused by insulin resistance and decreased pancreatic insulin secretion. Marchantia paleacea, a species of liverwort, has demonstrated potential antidiabetic effects in both in vitro and in vivo studies. This study aims to conduct phytochemical screening and evaluate the in vitro antidiabetic activity of thallus extracts of M. paleacea using multiple solvents. Materials and Methods: Approximately 150 g of dried thallus powder was separately extracted using methanol, ethyl acetate, and chloroform through Soxhlet extraction. The resulting extracts underwent phytochemical analysis and were tested for in vitro antidiabetic activities, including α-amylase inhibition (AAI), α-glucosidase inhibition (AGI), and glucose uptake assay using 3T3-L1 adipocytes and L-6 myotubes. GraphPad Prism version 4 was employed to analyze the information, and one-way analysis of variance and Dunnett’s post-test were used. P-values below 0.05 were regarded as statistically significant. Results: All extracts contained flavonoids, phenolics, and terpenoids, which may be responsible for their antidiabetic effects, according to phytochemical screening. The strongest inhibitory action was shown by the methanol extract. With half-maximal inhibitory concentration values of 24.17 ± 0.002 μg/mL for AAI and 30.07 ± 0.016 μg/mL for AGI. In addition, the percentage of glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 and L-6 cell lines (449.72 ± 0.032 and 229.69 ± 0.20, respectively) was comparable to that of acarbose. Conclusion: The methanol extract was one of the examined extracts that demonstrated the strongest in vitro antidiabetic activity, likely because of the existence of bioactive phytoconstituents. These findings support the traditional medicinal use of M. paleacea for managing diabetes.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to elaborate on warfarin therapy knowledge and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) association among Saudi Arabian warfarin-using patients. Methods: The study involved 387 warfarin patients from an outpatient anticoagulation clinic of the University Hospital in Al-kharj, Saudi Arabia. A self-developed and pre-validated questionnaire was used to assess warfarin therapy knowledge, whereas World Health Organization Quality of Life Brief Version (WHOQOL-BREF) was used to estimate HRQoL. Patients’ demographic characteristics and different variables’ correlations were established through descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: A total of 387 patients (Males = 130, 33.6% and Females = 257, 66.4%) participated in the study. The study population presented a mean knowledge score of 9.94 ± 2.48. Environment, social relationships, psychological, and physical health domains had mean HRQoL scores of 63.43 ± 17.60, 64.46 ± 26.19, 68.20 ± 16.11, and 62.11 ± 15.53, respectively. The correlation coefficients of these WHOQOLBREF domains were noted as −0.121, −0.112, −0.160, and −0.111 in relation to warfarin therapy knowledge total score, which indicated a weak negative association among these domains. Conclusion: The negative association between warfarin therapy knowledge and warfarin patients’ HRQoL indicates that warfarin therapy knowledge does not necessarily improve their HRQoL.

There is a growing interest in developing natural skincare products with potent antioxidant properties to combat oxidative stress and premature aging. Objective: To formulate and evaluate an herbal antioxidant cream using papaya latex (Carica papaya) and banana peel extract (Musa spp.). Methods: Extraction of bioactive compounds from papaya latex and banana peel was performed, followed by antioxidant testing and cream formulation. The cream was evaluated for pH, viscosity, spreadability, phase separation, sensory qualities, and in vitro antioxidant activity. Results: Papaya latex exhibited greater antioxidant activity than banana peel extract. Creams demonstrated desirable physicochemical properties and increased antioxidant efficacy with higher extract concentrations. Conclusion: The herbal cream showed effective antioxidant potential, stability, and skin compatibility, offering a promising natural skincare alternative.

Terminalia chebula is a reputed medicinal plant with various therapeutic characteristics; however, it is limited by poor solubility and permeability, leading to low bioavailability. A novel nanoemulsion-based formulation was developed and evaluated to improve the aforementioned properties. The nanoemulsion was prepared using oil in water method with appropriate surfactants and cosurfactants to increase the solubility and stability of bioactive compounds in T. chebula fruit extract. To explore its properties, the formulation was characterized for parameters such as particle size, zeta potential, polydispersity index, and stability under different conditions. In vitro release studies indicated a considerably enhanced dissolution rate as against that of conventional extracts, the presence of augmented bioavailability was further corroborated through the enhanced pharmacokinetics parameters in the in vivo studies. This approach upholds a real strategy to maximize therapeutic efficacy associated with T. chebula substances, pointing toward their use in developing effective herbal medicine.

Dry eye disease (DED) is a common condition in post-menopausal women, primarily due to hormonal changes, particularly the decline in estrogen. This case report describes the treatment of a post-menopausal woman diagnosed with DED using shatavari, an adaptogenic herb from traditional Ayurvedic medicine. Shatavari gritha eye drops improve the symptoms of dry eye and shatavari ksheerapaka internally improves the menopausal symptoms. Due to rasayana, vayastapana and madhura rasa and vipaka it helps to reduce vata and pitta doshas. The patient experienced significant improvement in symptoms and quality of life, suggesting that shatavari could be a potential therapeutic option for managing post-menopausal dry eye.

Acute lung injury (ALI) remains a formidable clinical challenge, compounded by the scarcity of effective therapeutic options. Preclinical studies are crucial for evaluating the safety and efficacy of new drugs and formulations before clinical trials. Conventionally, animal models have been widely used for ALI research, but ethical concerns and differences from human physiology limit their effectiveness. This state-of-the-art review provides a comprehensive overview of in vitro and ex vivo models over traditional animal studies in ALI studies. While these models cannot entirely replace animal studies, they offer the potential to reduce the number of animal trials and improve drug efficacy and safety. Bridging the gap between in vitro studies and in vivo animal models, they address ethical concerns and provide more accurate data for human applications. Specifically, their application in ALI research highlights their potential in developing novel therapeutic approaches. However, challenges, such as maintaining tissue viability and replicating the complexity of human lungs still exist. Future advancements in bioengineering and personalized medicine promise to enhance these models’ relevance, paving the way for more effective ALI therapies.

The research sought to examine the marker chemicals in the extracts of four medicinal plants: Terminalia coriacea, Hydrolea zeylanica, Cytisus capitatus, and Dorycnium pentaphyllum utilizing high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC). The selection of these plants was based on their historical medicinal applications, with the study concentrating on identifying essential bioactive components, including flavonoids and tannins that enhance their therapeutic efficacy. Plant extracts were obtained by a solvent-based extraction process and thereafter analyzed with HPTLC under UV illumination at 254 nm and 366 nm for visualization. The research found Rutin as the marker compound for flavonoids and Gallic acid as the marker compound for tannins in plants. Rutin was identified in T. coriacea and C. capitatus, but Gallic acid was recognized in D. pentaphyllum and H. zeylanica. These compounds’ retention factor (Rf) values were documented and compared with reference standards for identification purposes. Moreover, a quantitative study of these marker compounds indicated that T. coriacea possesses the highest rutin content (3.2 mg/g), whereas D. pentaphyllum exhibits the highest gallic acid concentration (4.5 mg/g). The findings demonstrate that these plants include substantial concentrations of bioactive chemicals, warranting further investigation into their pharmacological potential. The research illustrates the efficacy of HPTLC as a method for the standardization, quality control, and verification of medicinal plants. It underscores the significance of chemical profiling in guaranteeing the therapeutic efficacy and safety of Phyto therapeutic agents.

Background: Awareness of the impact of the various surgical treatments requires an awareness of a slightly different architecture of the inferior oblique (IO) muscle in comparison to the other extraocular muscles. The IO muscle’s anatomy has been linked to particular clinical diagnoses in a number of investigations. Aims of Study: To establish a correlation between the various levels of clinical overaction and the histological alternations of the IO muscle. Materials and Methods: Once the clinical severity of the muscle over-action was established, 10 samples from the IO muscles were obtained during the strabismus surgery. As a control, one muscle biopsy was obtained during enucleation surgery. A light microscope was used to examine each biopsy. Results: Grade II and grade III IO overaction revealed numerous histological abnormalities under light microscopy, including fibro-fatty infiltrations, nerve bundle enlargement, muscle fiber degeneration, and varied muscle fiber size. Fatty infiltration, mononuclear infiltration, and perimysium and endomysium fibrosis were observed in grade III IO overaction. Conclusion: The clinical stages of muscle overaction are correlated with histopathological alterations in the IO muscle.

Aim: The objective of this research work was to analyze the effect of experimental components (homogenization time, speed of homogenization, and time of sonication) on the characterization of cubosomes loaded with Lidocaine Hydrochloride (LH). Materials and Methods: The Top-down method was adopted to prepare LH cubosomes using lipid (Glyceryl Monooleate), stabilizer (Poloxamer-407) along with water in varied proportions. 32 factorial design was adopted to explain how the two independent factors, that is, homogenization speed and sonication time affect the four responses at varied levels of the processing parameters for the preparation of drug-encapsulated cubosomes. Results and Discussion: The most acceptable entrapment capacity was found at a homogenization speed of 50 rpm and sonication time employed for 10 min for the formulation LT8 within the confidence intervals adopted by the 32 factorial design. LT8 was found to have Entrapment efficiency (EE) of 75 percent, Zeta potential of 21.5 mV, vesicle size of 150.3± 0.77 nm, and PolyDispersibility Index of 0.278. As Hominization speed increased there was a noticeable improvement in the characterization of cubosomes, however, enhanced characterization parameters were observed in dispersions prepared with a medium level of sonication time. Conclusion: A steady dispersion of LH was formed with a high level of speed of homogenization and a medium level of sonication time to attain the desired parameters for the characterization of cubosomes. Therefore, it is concluded that the speed of homogenization of 50 rpm and sonication time of 10 min resulted in a stable dispersion.

Aim: The aim of this study was to design and characterize a topical nanoemulsion of Nirgundi oil for the treatment of anal fissures and to evaluate its in-vitro anti-inflammatory activity and in-vivo anal fissure healing potential. Materials and Methods: A pseudo-ternary phase diagram was constructed to determine the Northeast region suitable for nanoemulsion formation. Based on this, six different batches of nanoemulsion were prepared. These formulations were characterized for globule size and surface morphology, refractive index, zeta potential, pH, viscosity, drug-excipient compatibility, drug entrapment and loading efficiency, thermodynamic stability, and in-vitro drug permeation. From the six batches, B6 was selected as the best formulation and subjected to further in-vitro anti-inflammatory testing using the egg albumin denaturation and COX-II enzyme inhibition assay. Additionally, in-vivo anal fissure healing activity was assessed using histological analysis of tissue samples. Results and Discussion: The B6 formulation demonstrated significant in-vitro anti-inflammatory activity, with 91.17% suppression in the egg albumin denaturation assay compared to 79.38% for the reference drug (diclofenac). The COX-II inhibition assay revealed an IC₅₀ of 3.735 μg/mL for B6, which was more effective than the marker sabinene (IC₅₀: 6.594 μg/mL). In-vivo studies confirmed that the B6 formulation showed significant improvement and healing of anal fissures, indicating successful therapeutic action. These results suggest that the nanoemulsion enhances the bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy of Nirgundi oil for local treatment. Conclusion: The study finally concluded that the topical nanoemulsion formulation of Nirgundi oil (B6) has potent anti-inflammatory action and effectively promotes healing in anal fissures. It showed significant therapeutic potential and can be considered a promising candidate for further development as a topical treatment for anal fissures.