Background: Pharmaceutical analysis plays a key role in the quality assurance and quality control of bulk drugs. A documented validation program offers a high level of confidence that an operation or facility will consistently deliver a product that satisfies a set standard. A premilast is an aphosphodiesterase-4 inhibitor used in the treatment of psoriasis. Objective: The main objective is to develop a simple, rapid, accurate, and economical spectrophotometric method for the determination of apremilast in bulk and its tablet dosage form as per ICH guidelines. Materials and Method: The estimation was carried out using HPLC-grade acetonitrile as a solvent and quantitation was achieved using a double-beam UV spectrophotometer at 230 nm. The present method was suitable for its intended purpose as prescribed in ICH Q2 guidelines. The analytical method was validated to determine the linearity, precision, accuracy, robustness, ruggedness, LOD, and LOQ of the method. Results: The λmax of apremilast in acetonitrile was found to be 230 nm. The drug has a correlation coefficient (r2) value of 0.999 and exhibits linearity in the concentration range of 2–10 μg/mL. The proposed method was applied to pharmaceutical formulation and % the amount of drug estimated 99% was found in good agreement with the label claim. The repeatability, intraday, and interday changes of accuracy were examined. The approach is considered exact if the percentage RSD value is <2. Conclusion: The above method was a rapid and cost-effective quality control tool for routine analysis of apremilast in bulk and in pharmaceutical dosage form. The method can be useful for the day-to-day routine analysis in the quality control departments of bulk and pharmaceutical formulations industries.

Targeted drug delivery has revolutionized modern medicine by enabling the precise delivery of therapeutics to specific sites while minimizing systemic side effects. This comprehensive review explores recent advancements in targeted drug delivery systems, focusing on nanotechnology-based approaches, stimuli-responsive carriers, and innovative targeting strategies. Nanoparticles, including liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, and inorganic nanoparticles, offer enhanced drug solubility and targeted delivery to specific tissues or cells. Stimuli-responsive drug carriers respond to environmental cues, allowing for controlled drug release. Targeting strategies employ ligands to bind to receptors on target cells, enabling precise delivery of therapeutics. Applications span various diseases, including cancer, neurological disorders, infectious diseases, and chronic conditions. Despite challenges such as biocompatibility and regulatory considerations, targeted drug delivery holds promise for personalized medicine, improving therapeutic efficacy, and patient outcomes.

Introduction: According to Ayurvedic literature, Brahmi is highly recommended for the management of psychiatric problems since it acts on the brain. In traditional Ayurvedic medicine, Brahmi, a herb is recommended for the management of various psychological disorders such as Alakshmi (inauspicious condition), Unmada (insanity), and Apasmara (epilepsy). Drug quality is a basic necessity in this day and age, and analytical testing can help combat impurities or subpar pharmaceuticals. Materials and Methods: Compound analysis of Brahmi Juice ( Swarasa) using liquid chromatographic mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Results: LC-MS analysis shows major compound such as L-Phenylalanine, Phenylacetylene, DL-Arginine, Azelaic acid, Erucamide, D-(+)- Pyroglutamic acid, L-Glutamic acid, Valine, Choline, L-Isoleucine, DL-Tryptophan, L-(-)-Methionine, and Beta-Ionone which play a significant role in neuroprotection. Conclusion: The study showed the presence of compounds rich in neurotransmitters which also act as neurotonics having their specific neuroprotective effect in conditions such as Alzheimer’s Disease, Parkinsonism, and Dementia. By employing a wide array of testing procedures, manufacturers are able to ensure compliance with regulatory requirements and supply consumers with a better product that effectively delivers Brahmi’s therapeutic benefits.

Aim: The current study aimed to evaluate any potential protective effects of erythropoietin (Epo) and identify potential histological adverse changes in the stomach caused by methotrexate (MTX) therapy. Materials and Methods: There were 60 mature albino rats (about 250 g) in the study. Three equal groups of 20 rats each were created out of the animals. For 9 weeks, the animals in the first control group received intraperitoneal injections of normal saline twice a week at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg. For duration of 9 weeks, animals in Group 2 received intraperitoneal injections of MTX hydrate twice a week at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg. The animals in Group 3 were given intraperitoneal injections of MTX hydrate at a dosage of 0.5 mg/kg twice a week for 9 weeks, along with subcutaneous injections of 100 IU/kg recombinant human Epo once a week. Results and Discussion: The stomach tissue’s morphological and histological alterations were evaluated. The contents of glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione, and IL-2 and IL-6 (interleukin 6) in the serum sample were then determined. Epo demonstrated pronounced antioxidant properties and mitigated MTX’s deleterious effects on stomach histology. Conclusion: Our findings point to the need for more investigation into the potential use of Epo as a medication to shield patients from MTX’s side effects.

Nanovaccines have emerged as a promising approach to enhance vaccination strategies, leveraging the power of nanotechnology to improve immune responses and vaccine efficacy. In recent years, the administration of nanovaccines through transdermal drug delivery systems has garnered significant attention. This review explores the research examples highlighting the utilization of transdermal drug delivery systems for nanovaccine administration. It discusses various nanovaccine delivery approaches, such as microneedle patches and lipidbased nanocarriers, and presents research studies demonstrating their efficacy and potential in immunization.

Introduction: Whole-body computed tomography (WBCT) can be challenging in identifying extremity injuries due to variations in pain tolerance, other injuries, and examination quality. It is advised to conduct a clinical examination and image review after the patient has stabilized or regained consciousness. Although prompt treatment of limb fractures is crucial, WBCT poses challenges, including incorrect positioning, artifacts, and accurate thin-section computed tomography interpretation. Hand and wrist reconstruction can be complicated, especially when multiple injuries are present. This study aimed to analyze the composition of hand bone fractures in the Kyrgyz Republic and evaluate the effectiveness of cord osteosynthesis compared with alternative procedures for fixing hand bones. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study analyzed data from patients at the National Hospital of the Ministry of Health’s Hand Microsurgery Department in the Kyrgyz Republic from 2018 to 2023. The inclusion criteria were patients aged 18–65 with a confirmed wrist fracture diagnosis, informed consent, and no significant health issues. The 90 patients who underwent cord osteosynthesis comprised Group 1, while Group 2, consisting of 34 patients, underwent standard osteosynthesis. Results: The study found that the mean age of patients in Group 1 was 23.3 ± 1.8 years, while Group 2 had a mean age of 34.3 ± 3.0 years. The mean hospital stay for patients in Group 1 was 6.11 days, while patients in Group 2 had a mean hospital stay of 10.35 days. The mean systolic blood pressure in Group 1 was 108.2 ± 1.4 mmHg, while in Group 2, the mean systolic BP was 115.5 ± 2.4 mmHg. The difference between the two groups was statistically significant (P = 0.009). Conclusion: The findings suggest that cord osteosynthesis may be more effective in treating hand bone fractures than the standard approach.

Aim: The present study was aimed to optimize, formulate, and characterize a better and novel transferosome formulation containing olmesartan (OS). Materials and Methods: The preformulation studies were performed by Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer. OS transferosome gel was fabricated and optimized asper Design Expert 11 Software. A three-factor, three-level, Box–Behnken design was applied to optimize transfersome formulation, using response surface methodology. The amount of phospotidyl choline 90 G (PC 90G) (A), surfactant (B), and sonication time (C) were selected as independent variables. The OS optimized formulation was evaluated for Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Entrapment efficiency (EE) (PDE), and in vitro studies. The ANOVA was done for EE and in vitro studies. Results and Discussion: Optimized formulation prepared with phospholipid (A) 451.84 mg, Surfactant (B) 144.93 mg, sonication time (C) 6 min. It was evaluated for EE and in vitro drug release and values were found to be in close agreement with the predict values. In vitro studies confirmed that release of OS for >24 h. It was found to be spherical from SEM analysis. Conclusion: Hence, in the prepared transferosome formulation, phospholipid and surfactant were effectively working for prolonged delivery of OS.

Numerous neuropsychiatric such as anxiety and depression as well as neurodegenerative conditions such as dementia and Alzheimer's disease (AD) are primarily emerging in contemporary times as a result of stressful lifestyles. Presently approved pharmacological interventions for the majority of chronic brain disorders appear to address symptoms only, lacking significant disease-modifying effects. The use of synthetic drugs in the treatment is also associated with serious and life-threatening side effects. At present, there has been a notable surge in research investigating phytochemicals as substitutes for primary conventional antipsychotic and memoryenhancing medications. Phytochemicals sourced from herbal plants take part in a crucial role in conserving the chemical equilibrium of the brain further they are effective in protecting from neurodegeneration, preventing the progress of neurological disorders as well as improving the condition of depression and anxiety. In this study, we mainly focus on highlighting the therapeutic potential of phytochemicals in neuroprotection, dementia, AD, and depression. In addition, an attempt to list out the phytochemicals used in the management of chronic brain disorders has been made.

Methotrexate may cause problems with the kidneys. Nonetheless, erythropoietin's advantageous extra-hematopoietic impact may protect against methotrexate-induced nephrotoxicity. Objectives: Clarifying the impact of renoprotective erythropoietin on renofunctional and renomorphological aspects in adult male albino rats will help determine its role in mitigating methotrexate-induced nephrotoxicity. Materials and Methods: 60 male albino rats were used in the investigation, and they were divided equally into 3 groups. The control one received normal saline 2 times a week for 9 weeks at a dosage of 0.5 mg/kg body weight (BW). Group 2 received 0.5 mg/kg BW intraperitoneal injections of methotrexate hydrate twice a week for 9 weeks. Group 3 received methotrexate hydrate intraperitoneally for the same amount of time and at the same dosage as group 2, along with a onceweekly subcutaneous injection (S.C) of 100 IU/kg recombinant human erythropoietin. Rats were slaughtered, renal sections were ready for histological analysis, and serum urea, creatinine, and albuminuria were determined at the conclusion of the study. Results: The methotrexate-treated group showed significantly higher levels of renal function assessed chemicals with worsening histological renal alterations when compared to the control or the methotrexate and erythropoietin co-treated group. The latter showed significantly improved microscopic renal alterations along with statistically significant reductions in the drug levels. Furthermore, there were negligible statistical differences in renal morphology and biochemistry between different groups. Conclusion: This study found that animals given with erythropoietin in addition to methotrexate provided a valuable and effective resistance against methotrexate-induced nephrotoxicity.

With a focus on sensible topical formulation techniques and the essential components of topical drug delivery systems, the goal of this review is to provide an overview of recent research. The advantage of administering medication topically is that it reaches the site of action directly and remains longer there. Topical medications are primarily administered through the skin, which is one of the body's most accessible and widely distributed organs. Topical medications are usually very sticky and uncomfortable to apply, which presents a number of challenges. Ointments, lotions, and creams are common topical medications. They also have a lower spreading coefficient, require rubbing, and have a stability problem when compared to other semisolid preparations in the main category. All of these factors have led to an increase in the use of gas in preparations for pharmaceutical and cosmetic uses. The surface tension between a 99% liquid-by-weight colloid and a network of macromolecules composed of minuscule amounts of the surrounding gelatinous substance immobilizes the colloid, forming a gel.