The temporal changes in the level of the Black Sea were studied using statistical analysis of Black Sea surface level anomalies measurements. Off-season variations of Black Sea level were shown. Three maxima of the sea level temporal curve were found in 2010, 2013 and 2016. Correlation analysis was performed as well as a linear regression graph was plotted for average sea level anomalies and average sea surface temperature over the observation period (2008–2017). The spatial correlation between SLA and SST was found earlier. Using spatio-temporal data, we study the temporal correlation here. A weak temporal correlation is revealed.

The eccentricity of the orbit (e = 0.04845) and the fact that at the summer solstice for the northern hemisphere Jupiter is at perihelion, this part of the atmosphere receives 21% more solar energy than the southern one. The change in the solar energy influx over the solar activity cycle is a fraction of a percent in the visible portion of the spectrum, and tens of percent in the ultraviolet range. The influence of the eccentricity of the orbit on the growth of the influx of solar energy to the northern hemisphere leads to an increase in temperature in the deep layers of the troposphere with a delay of 5–6 years. And at the maximum of solar activity, the flux of solar energy increases significantly only in the ultraviolet region of the spectrum. And this leads to an increase in temperature mainly in the stratosphere with a lag of 1–2 years. Solar activity globally affects the entire planet, and seasonal variations alternately change the optical properties of the northern and southern hemispheres of the planet. Proposed by us the brightness ratio of the northern and southern tropical and temperate regions is a good factor in the photometric activity of the A_J(T) processes in the Jovian atmosphere. In 1962–1995 and 2012–2018 correlation between changes in factor A_J, solar activity and the moments of passage of perihelion and aphelion of the orbit – was high with a correlation coefficient above 0.85. This is due to the synchronization of the change in the influx of solar energy into the hemispheres of the planet due to eccentricity of the orbit and changes in solar activity. In 1995–2012 a violation of periodicity in changes of the ratio A_J was observed. Taking into account the reaction of the hydrogen-helium atmosphere on 5–6 years at the level of visible clouds in the troposphere, and on 1–2 years in the upper troposphere and the lower stratosphere, – in the same years was the maximal discrepancy between the time of passage of Jupiter at orbit through perihelion and aphelion, and by moments of minima and maxima of solar activity. This confirms the existence of seasonal changes in the atmosphere of Jupiter with a period of ∼ 11.87 years.

The method for estimation of the thermodynamic temperature field of the land surface using satellite data of the long-wave infrared band based on the land cover classification in the optical wavelength range using machine learning methods has been justified. The method is implemented in the Semi-Automatic Classification Plugin (SCP) for QGIS. The vector layer of the marsh mineral and peat soils for the lowland areas in the Kyiv region on the basis of Ukrainian soil maps and the SRTM Digital Elevation Data has been created. The vector layer of settlements within these soils has been constructed with the attributive information on places and dates of fires on peat lands. For the implementation and preliminary verification of the method, Landsat 8 OLI and TIRS satellite imagery were used, containing areas of fire-hazardous peat lands on the dates of the pronounced fire hazard. The rasters of the land cover classification based on the Maximum Likelihood Method and rasters of the thermal emissivity have been created. The thermal emissivity raster is characteristic for the obtained land cover classes. The rasters of the land surface thermodynamic temperature have been constructed by conversion of the effective brightness temperature at the satellite sensor using the thermal emissivity raster. In addition to long revisit period of the land surface area (16 days), the multispectral Landsat 8 (OLI and TIRS) data have the significant limitations that allow on their basis assess only the smoldering phase on the peat lands. The upper limit of the effective brightness temperature at the satellite sensor, based on the data of the thermal infrared band B10 (11 μm), due to “saturation” of its ADC, is T_brith_max = 94.88°C = 368 K. Data of shortwave infrared bands B6 (1.6 μm), B7 (2.2 μm) can be used to detect open flame hearth based only on nighttime Landsat 8 (OLI) imagery that are rare. It has been established that the contours of the land areas, obtained from the conditions for exceeding the experimentally set threshold values of the thermodynamic temperature from the constructed temperature raster, are consistent with ground-based information on smoldering and fires on peat lands. Further research will focus on the improvement and implementation of the developed method for the enhancement of the spatial resolution of thermal field images, smoke identification procedures based on classification methods. The regional (for the Kyiv region) index of peat lands fires will be assessed, which is proportional to the integrated during the period of fires value of the difference between the amount of atmospheric precipitations and the amount of evapotranspiration from the land, water structures and plants.

The main problems associated with the creation of reference-analytical and reference-information systems are considered in the article. The use of client-server architecture is suggested. The methods for creating a geoinformation (cartographic) component of a distributed information and reference GIS based on the client-server architecture are substantiated. Centralized storage of electronic maps and tied databases on the server and free access to information from customers is one of the most expedient options of the structural organization. This article examines the problem of reducing the complexity of user-generated work cards. It occurs when working with complex electronic cards stored on the server, and it involves an inadmissible increase in the size of the user's work card after receiving a response to the request. The complexity of the article refers to the number of primitives – the simplest graphical elements of the map description. This value has a significant effect on the operational performance of reference geographic information systems (RGIS). In particular, the time of image regeneration, access to non-graphic data and execution of vector map processing application applications increases. Since the main mode of operation of the user with RGIS is a dialog, slowing down the system processes from seconds to tens of minutes in some areas of use is simply unacceptable. The problem under consideration arises sooner or later in any RGIS, since the flow of new information into the system under normal operation is unavoidable. Human economic activity, the dynamics of the natural environment, socioeconomic processes, reflected in the RGIS, cause the growth of the complexity of the electronic card. The approach proposed in this paper to transfer map data in a complex network reference GIS allows you to regulate the load of the client, thereby increasing the quality of the system with the user.

The task of studying the gravitational field of the moon is important for long-term planning of its research using manned and robotic spacecrafts. Determination of harmonic expansion coefficients of selenopotential may not be reliable because of their construction based on different data and different methods of mathematical processing. With mutual comparative assessment of selenopotential models we can get some information about the reliability determination harmonic coefficients.

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Analysis of a large range of results of modern TV meteor observations for searching presence their of the meteors with highly displayed anomalies in kinematic and photometrical characteristics has been carried out. In parallel, the results of Kyiv meteor group observations obtained with the help of observational systems equipped by high sensitive transmitting TV tubes of superisocon type, which have a range of highly displayed anomalies in a meteor development are presented. Comparative qualitative analysis of the observational data containing anomalous displays in meteor photometrical parameters, in part in their light curves is carried out, and the conclusions about physical reality of technical artifacts of the selected anomalies are done.

We propose a scenario to explain the observed phenomenon of double maxima of sunspot cycles, including the generation of a magnetic field near the bottom of the solar convection zone (SCZ) and the subsequent rise of the field from the deep layers to the surface in the royal zone. Five processes are involved in the restructuring of the magnetic field: the Ω-effect, magnetic buoyancy, macroscopic turbulent diamagnetism, rotary ∇ρ-effect, and meridional circulation. It is found that the restructuring of magnetism develops differently in high-latitude and equatorial domains of the SCZ. A key role in the proposed mechanism of the double maxima is played by two waves of toroidal fields from the lower base of the SCZ to the solar surface in the equatorial domain. The deep toroidal fields are excited by the Ω-effect near the tachocline at the beginning of the cycle. Then these fields are transported to the surface due to the combined effect of magnetic buoyancy, macroscopic turbulent diamagnetism, and the rotary magnetic ∇ρ-flux in the equatorial domain. After a while, these magnetic fragments can be observed as bipolar sunspot groups at the middle latitudes in the royal zone. This first, upward-directed wave of toroidal fields produces the main maximum of sunspot activity. However, the underlying toroidal fields in the high-latitude polar domains are blocked at the beginning of the cycle near the SCZ bottom by two antibuoyancy effects — the downward turbulent diamagnetic transfer and the magnetic ∇ρ-pumping. In approximately 1 or 2 years, a deep equatorward meridional flow transfers these fields to low-latitude parts of the equatorial domain (where there are favorable conditions for magnetic buoyancy), and the belated magnetic fields (the second wave of toroidal fields) rise to the surface. When this second batch of toroidal fields comes to the solar surface at low latitudes, it leads to the second sunspot maximum.

The long-period moon-solar cycle consisting of an integer of 19-years cycles are established. The secular correction is obtained, permitting to increase the exactitude of a calculation of age of Moon, and the universal formula for a calculation of lunar number in various aspects of moon-solar cycles.

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