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In the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil, the highway named as BR-242 plays an important role in the outflow of agricultural production in the region, tending to increase the traffic with the expected construction of eight bridges to be complete in the year of 2019. Regard the forest fires and hot spots, there is a controversy if the increase of road access raises the frequency of man-made fires or is reduced by providing access to their suppression and control, are implications on the road effects for fire management. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify the influence on the spatial patterns represented by the hot spots detected in the lateral bands of the BR-242 highway in an area of the road, about 156 km in the municipality of Nova Ubiratã. The data detected were obtained by the Database Program of the Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE), from the dry season from May to October between 2015 to 2018. The data was analyzed, we also partitioned the distance in three classes along the BR-242 corridor as: 0 - 5 km, 5 - 10 km and 10 - 15 km, left and right side of the highway. When analyzing the variation of the heat sources, in the class 0 - 5 km presented a variation of 42% to 77%, approximately twice as much variation when compared with other classes. The class 5 - 10 km was 11% to 44%, and in the class of 10 - 15 km, variation was 11% to 28%. Probably all of these outbreaks come from clearing agricultural practice in the highway lateral bands, in addition to cleanings, can be derived from highway traffic. In this sense, measures to protect the areas near the highways are necessary to improve the safety of the drivers, evaluating the role of human presence in suppressing forest fires in the vicinity of the highway

Spatial patterns of start of forest fires define the structure of the spatial pattern of fires which may have different sizes and levels of severity generating a mosaic of burned areas. The aim of our study was to analyze the Serra de Santa Barbara a Federal Conservation Unit composed of transition areas between the Amazonia, Cerrado and Pantanal biomes with an area of 120,092 hectares, located in Pontes and Lacerda and Porto Esperidião municipalities in Mato Grosso state, Brazil. In 2018, the Federal unit had seven days of burningresulting in 8% of the Conservation unit burned. In this context, the start and spread of forest fire were analyzed using data from burn outbreaks (obtained from the Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE); boundaries of protected areas Instituto Chico Mendes (CMBio); description of protected areas in the Conservation Units Register (obtained by CNUC - MMA); responsible for the State Conservation Units (obtained by SEMA / MT) and LandSat 8 satellite images (obtained by the OLI sensor, composition RGB654). By analyzing the data, We found that the start of the fire was around 9:03 am (07/22/2018) spreading on the main front as an elongated elliptical shape, characteristic of flat terrain with wind. The fire finished at 20h03min (24/07/2018) with a distance of 1 km from the left flank to the right. Our results indicated that the fire burned the humid vegetation, with low air temperature and high relative humidity. Most of the fire propagation was nocturnal and when the fire spread it converged due to the uphill formations and to the solar radiation effects at sunrise together with the atmospheric convection process caused by thermal inversion. Understanding the start and spread of forest fire allows us to evaluate evidences of fire points and in the adjacent areas allowing a better assessment of the causes of the fire start.

The growth of the cities has contributed to the generation of processes and dynamics linked to the transition between urban and rural-forest ecosystems, thereby enhancing the emergence of Wildland Urban Interface (WUI) spaces (Herrero-Corral, 2012), as well as problems associated with the generation of forest fires; therefore, only focusing in fostering an increase investment on emergency measures may result in more harmful and burdensome fires in the future (Mutch, Lee & Perkins, 1998). In this sense, it is essential to have a comprehensive view on risk and its management-linked to the factors that generate conditions of vulnerability-, so the purpose of this study was to evaluate the performance of Risk Management (RM) during The 2014-2018 period, through its specific application for the city of Valparaíso, Chile and its WUI areas, taking as reference the catastrophic fire of 2014, classified as the largest urban fire in the country's history. To elaborate this evaluation, a methodological approach using indicators to obtain the Risk Management Index (RMI) considering four policy components: risk identification, risk reduction, disaster management and governance and financial protection (risk transfer) was used. The results obtained evidenced the existence of previous risk conditions and a constant increase in vulnerability as a social construction process. In this sense, the performance level of the RM in the city in 2018 is due to an emerging or emerging adaptive response (obtaining an RMI of 2.31 over a maximum value 5), which is closely linked to the underlying factors that generate it, such as the existence and prevalence of irregular settlements and built environments not adapted to the behavior of forest fires, environmental degradation, insufficient or outdated territorial planning, and limited community capacities that do not adequately consider the DRM. Conditions which, in sum, are reflected in the limited policies related to risk reduction and in terms of risk transfer, favoring the recurrence and increase of the effects on the city's WUI.

The Rosely Nunes Settlement Project, created in june 1997, by the Instituto Nacional de Colonização e Reforma Agrária (INCRA), benefiting 160 families, is located in Itaetê city, Chapada Diamantina, Bahia, Brasil, in an area comprise by Caatiga Biome. The residents of this area have as main economic activity the rainfed familiar agriculture, having the fire as usual practice for cleaning plantation areas. To subsistence in drought times, the farmers search for other alternative income generation, including the tree suppression for commercialization, act performed years ago and repressed by the local social organization. One of these areas reached by this suppression, followed by fire use to cleaning the ground surface an late cultivation of annual agricultural crops, is being object of study in an experiment in recovering degraded area in legal reserve, cover an area of 1,1 hectare. The experiment starts in November 2016, arise from a join initiative through the partnership between the Brigada Federal de Assentamento Rosely Nunes, hired by Centro Nacional de Prevenção e Combate aos Incêndios Florestais (PREVFOGO), through IBAMA and Associação Comunitária do Assentamento Rosely Nunes. The Brigada Federal is constituted by local community residents, people from other settlement and nearest cities residents, which is hired annually in emergency character, during the six critical months (august to january). Inicialy, was adopted the isolation action and plantation of pioneer native species. In the following years was realized new thickening plantation, enrichment, cultural tracts: irrigation, crowning, mulch replacement. The experiment aims, recover the degraded area besides works as demonstrative area, pilot project, with a didactic use as empirical experience in Environmental Education actives to be developed with the settle people and other. After three years, the area is in a recuperation process, with replating of withered specimen and conduction of natural regeneration. In this sense, associating degraded area recovery experiences with behavioral changes in the available natural resources tract, and with the possibilities to repair mistakes committed in the past, providing balance the socioenvironmental, productive and economic needs.

The Chapada Diamantina National Park (PNCD) is an integral protection unit, in which the rupestrian field vegetation prevails, a savanna type, which suffers recurrent fires. For the management of this environment, it is essential to analyze the severity, which can be defined as the magnitude of the change caused in the ecosystem by fire, due to the fire consuming the vegetation leaving the soil bare. Remote Sensing provides feasible approaches to describe fire patterns in different ecosystems, considering that satellite images are often used to outline fire perimeters and characterize the degree of severity. This study aims to assess the degree of fire severity that occurred at the PNDC in 2015, using the dNBR and RdNBR spectral indices. For the evaluation of post-fire effects for the selected areas, images of the Operational Land Imager (OLI) sensor were used onboard the Landsat-8 satellite. Four images of the OLI sensor were chosen in 2015, the pre-fire image of 28 August and the post-fire images of 25 September, 14 December and 30 December. For the pre-processing step the digital numbers were scaled to radiance values and after the conversion the images were corrected atmospheric, the method used for the atmospheric correction was FLAASH. The data obtained were pre-processed and properly prepared for the calculation of spectral indices and the results were classified according to the severity levels indicated by Key and Benson (2006) For the three analyzed fires, the dNBR index identified about 50% of the burned areas for the class Moderate low severity, with values between +270 to +439, for the RdNBR index, approximately 80% of the areas burned for the high severity class was identified, with values between +660 to +1300. It is concluded that the use of the multitemporal index dNBR and the relative index RdNBR are important tools for the classification of the burned area in the study area, as well as, supporting the development of actions aimed at fire prevention in the PNCD area considering the degrees of severity already experienced in that environment.

Integrated Fire Management comprises a contemporary approach to fire management that combines sociocultural realities and ecosystems ecological needs with technological approaches to propose prescribed fires, thus preventing, monitoring and combating megafires. In this context, it is necessary to construct an integration between social actors related to the fire, as there are often divergences in perceptions and conflict regarding the fire use. The Focus Group is a strategy for collecting information from a focus theme that privileges a space for interaction between the group and the researcher /facilitator, which encourages participants to listen and share experiences. This study aimed to verify the experience of the Focus Group held in Carrancas, Minas Gerais, Brazil, in which are present different social actors aware of the occurrences and practices of fire management, in order to identify the difficulties and raise proposals about the fire use in natural areas management and conservation. Nine social actors participated, including traditional farmers, brigade members, people linked to tourism and authorities. Participatory Rapid Diagnosis techniques were used, such as timeline, historical graph and participatory mapping, generating relaxation and involvement in activities. The dialogue made it possible to identify the traditional practice of controlled burning in rural ecosystems and the cultural changes that have contributed to the increase of megafires in recent years. The timeline and characterization of the largest fires, the survey of susceptible areas, and actions that should be prioritized for conservation of natural ecosystems were performed. The different fire scenarios (burnings and megafires) highlighted the different perceptions of social actors about their use, by the conflict between traditional farmers and brigade members, especially regarding fire management issues. The Focus Group proved to be effective in providing dialogue and greater interaction between social actors, reducing existing conflicts, generating reflection and subsidies to the construction of knowledge andmanagement strategies, fire management and conservation of natural ecosystems.Â

Emissions from vegetation fires are relevant in the atmosphere-biosphere interaction. Nevertheless, fire is still intensely used as a tool in land management, modifying natural fire patterns in fire-prone ecosystems. The Brazilian Cerrado has shown increased anthropogenic fire ignitions, especially due to deforestation that removed ~50% of its original cover and unusual droughts. Fire risk (FR) models using meteorological and vegetation parameters have been used to estimate fire patterns at biome level. The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of INPE's FR model using different climate and land cover (LC) datasets (versions 0 and 1) to estimate FR patterns in the Cerrado. Meteorological datasets from CoSch and MCD12Q1-IGBP V006 land cover data represent v0 while v1 is composed by IMERG and Mapbiomas v3.0 datasets. The analyses were performed in the wet (W: November-March) and dry (D: May-September) seasons from 2015 to 2018 at 1km of spatial resolution. The versions were compared using the seasonal predominance of FR (PFR) and evaluated in five categories: "minimum", FR<=0.15; "low", 0.15<FR<=0.40; "medium", 0.40<FR<=0.70; "high", 0.70<FR<=0.95 and "critical", 0.95<FR<=1.0. The main fire pattern differences between v0 and v1 were observed in D, when the PFR remains "high" during all season according to v0, while v1classifies "critical" PFR from July to September. In W, differences were not observed, except for November, classified as "low" PFR by v0 and "minimum" PFR in v1. These differences can be related to the higher LC spatial resolution and definition of vegetation types in v1 such as woody savannas; v1 is based on Landsat medium resolution spectral images (~30m) while v0 uses MODIS low resolution (~500m). Concerning precipitation, the information has a higher spatial consistency using 10 km of spatial resolution in v1 while v0 uses 25 km of spatial resolution. With new Mapbiomas editions and revisions released every year, INPE's FR will be updated accordingly, allowing a realistic temporal modeling of the vegetation; including terrain data in this condition will allow a new FR product at 30m resolution for protected areas - our next goal.