Objective: As cognitive impairment becoming more widely recognized as a complication of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), it is discussed in the literature that antihyperglycemic treatment may also improve cognitive functions.Clinical research on this topic is particularly limited regarding sodium-glucose-cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors.Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a protein essential for cognitive functions and glucose metabolism.The aim of our research was to examine cognitive performance and BDNF levels in users of SGLT2 inhibitors. Methods:This cross-sectional study was conducted with 86 patients with T2DM, including 41 patients using metformin and 45 patients using SGLT2 inhibitors.Patients' cognitive performance was assessed with the Montreal cognitive assessment (MoCA) test, and their serum BDNF levels were measured using the ELISA method.Results: There were no significant differences between SGLT2 inhibitor users and metformin users in MoCA total scores, as well as in the Visuospatial/Executive, Naming, Attention, Language, Abstraction, Memory, and Orientation subdomains.Although BDNF levels were relatively higher in the SGLT2 inhibitor group, the difference was not statistically significant.Significant correlations were observed between BDNF levels and the levels of microalbumin, microalbumin/creatinine, estimated glomerular Z Ama: Kognitif bozukluk tip 2 diyabetes mellitusun (T2DM) bir komplikasyonu olarak giderek daha fazla kabul grmekte ve literatrde antihiperglisemik tedavinin bilisel ilevleri de iyiletirebilecei tartlmaktadr.Bu konudaki zellikle sodyumglukoz-kotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitrleri ile ilgili klinik aratrmalar snrldr.Beyin-kaynakl nrotrofik faktr (BDNF), kognitif ilevler ve glukoz metabolizmas iin nemli bir proteindir.Aratrmamzn amac SGLT2 inhibitr kullananlarda kognitif performans ve BDNF dzeylerini incelemektir.

Objective: This study investigates the association between staining patterns of classical neuroendocrine markers, synaptophysin (Snp) and chromogranin-A (Chr), and clinicopathological findings in appendiceal neuroendocrine tumors (NETs).These tumors, often diagnosed incidentally post-appendectomy, pose diagnostic challenges due to their diverse histomorphologic patterns.The study aims to enhance understanding of the relationship between staining patterns and key pathological parameters.Methods: A retrospective analysis included 28 cases of appendiceal NETs diagnosed over an 8-year period.Histopathological features, including grade, lymphovascular invasion, stage, localization, size, Ki67 proliferation index, and morphological pattern, were reassessed.Immunohistochemical staining of Snp and Chr was examined for extensity and intensity in NET areas. Results:The study comprised 17 female and 11 male patients, with a mean age of 34 years.Histomorphological patterns included small nests, large nests, and trabecular-palisading patterns.Statistically significant correlations were observed between Snp staining intensity and tumor size, and Chr staining extensity and histomorphologic patterns.Chr staining extensity exceeding 95% was identified in all cases with large nest patterns.Additionally, Z Ama: Bu almada, apendiks nroendokrin tmrlerinde (NET) klasik nroendokrin belirteler olan sinaptofizin (Snp) ve kromogranin-A (Chr) boyanma paternleri ile klinikopatolojik bulgular arasndaki iliki aratrlmtr.Genellikle apendektomi sonras tesadfen tehis edilen bu tmrler, eitli histomorfolojik paternleri nedeniyle tansal zorluklar oluturmaktadr.Bu alma, boyanma paternleri ile anahtar patolojik parametreler arasndaki ilikinin daha iyi anlalmasn amalamaktadr.Yntemler: Retrospektif bir analiz, 8 yllk bir sre iinde tan konulan 28 apendiks NET olgusunu iermektedir.Derece, lenfovaskler invazyon, evre, lokalizasyon, boyut, Ki67 proliferasyon indeksi ve morfolojik patern dahil olmak zere histopatolojik zellikler yeniden deerlendirildi

Objective: Medical students and general practitioners have a vital role in disasters both in the "preparedness and mitigation" and "response and recovery" phases. To prepare students management of disasters as health professionals, the level of disaster preparedness perceptions of the students should be evaluated. So, the undergraduate medical curriculum can be structured to ensure the readiness of the students for disaster. The aim of the study was to determine the level of disaster preparedness perception of medical students. Methods: This descriptive study was conducted in the Faculty of Medicine of a state university. The population of the study consisted of students studying in the fourth, fifth and sixth grades of the medical faculty which has a training on disaster module in the fifth year. The study was completed with the participation of 288 students. In the data collection process, "personal information form" and the Disaster Preparedness Perception Scale of Personnel Working in Prehospital Emergency Health Services were used. Results: It was seen that exposure to disasters, presence of individuals exposed to disasters in the family and environment, participation in disaster exercises, receiving disaster training, willingness to volunteer in disasters, the level of participants' perception of themselves as prepared for disasters, the level of perception of the disaster risk of the region of residence, were effective on the mean total score of the scale. Amaç: Tıp öğrencileri ve pratisyen hekimler afetlerde hem "hazırlık ve zararı azaltma" ile "müdahale ve iyileştirme" aşamalarında kritik rol oynamaktadır. Öğrencileri sağlık profesyonelleri olarak afet yönetimine hazırlamak için, afet hazırlık algılarının değerlendirilmesi gerekmektedir. Böylece, mezuniyet öncesi tıp eğitimi programı öğrencilerin afete hazırlıklarını sağlayacak şekilde yapılandırılabilir. Bu çalışmanın amacı tıp fakültesi öğrencilerinin afet hazırlık algısı düzeyini belirlemektir. Yöntemler: Tanımlayıcı türdeki çalışma bir üniversitenin tıp fakültesinde yapıldı. Çalışmanın evrenini beşinci sınıfta afet eğitimi yer alan tıp fakültesinin dördüncü, beşinci ve altıncı sınıfında öğrenim gören öğrenciler oluşturdu. Çalışma 288 öğrencinin katılımıyla tamamlandı. Veri toplama sürecinde "Kişisel bilgi formu" ve "Hastane Öncesi Acil Sağlık Hizmetlerinde Çalışan Personelin Afetlere Hazırlık Algısı Ölçeği" kullanıldı. Bulgular: Afet geçmişinin olması, aile ve çevrede afet geçmişi olan bireylerin varlığı, afet tatbikatlarına katılım, afet eğitimi alma, afetlerde gönüllü olma isteği, katılımcıların kendilerini afetlere hazırlıklı görme düzeyi ve yaşanılan bölgenin algılanan afet riskinin ölçek toplam puan ortalaması üzerinde etkili olduğu görüldü. Sonuç: Afet hazırlık algısı düzeyi, afet yönetiminde yetkinlik kazandırılmasında ilk adım olarak görülebilir. Çalışmamızda dönem 5'te yer alan teorik temelli afet eğitiminin öğrencilerinin

Objective: The crucial aim of irrigation solutions used in root canal treatments is the elimination of biofilm which is considered an important virulence factor of Enterococcusfaecalis. Essential oils have been investigated to understand their efficacy for biofilm elimination in recent years. This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial and antibiofilm effects of Thymus vulgaris essential oils (TEO) and Origanum onites essential oils (OEO) on E. faecalis. Methods: The antimicrobial effectiveness of TEO and OEO against E. faecalis (ATCC 29212) was investigated by broth microdilution method, and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined. The effect of TEO and OEO on preventing biofilm formation was evaluated by measuring biofilm biomass using crystal-violet method, and its effect on biofilm viability was evaluated by determining the number of living cells in the biofilm as colony-forming units. Biofilm viability was analyzed with one-sample t-test with statistical significance accepted as p<0.05. Results: The MIC values ​​of TEO and OEO were determined as 0.078 µL/mL, and MBC values ​​were determined as 0.156 µL/mL for OEO and 0.078 µL/mL for TEO. The percentage inhibition of biofilm formation at MIC value for OEO and TEO was determined as 53.9% and 55.6%, respectively. Both essential oils caused a significant reduction in the number of viable cells within the biofilm. Conclusion: It is concluded that TEO and OEO show high antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity against E. faecalis biofilm. Therefore, these essential oils can be considered an alternative irrigation solution for eliminating resistant root canal infections.

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the effects of orthosis, and additional nerve and tendon gliding exercises (NTGE) on median nerve morphology and functional status in patients with mild-to-moderate carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) and to compare the effectiveness of proposed treatments.Methods: Twenty-seven wrists of 19 patients with mild-to-moderate CTS were included in the study.They were randomized into three groups: neutral wrist orthosis alone (n=8), the combination of the orthosis with nerve gliding exercises (NGE) (n=10), and the combination of the orthosis with nerve/tendon gliding exercises (n=9).The cross-sectional area (CSA) of the median nerve (ultrasonography) and functional status (Boston carpal tunnel syndrome questionnaire and patient-specific functional scale) were evaluated at baseline and after six weeks of treatment.Results: While the functional status of all groups improved significantly (p<0.05), the CSA of the median nerve significantly decreased in the combination of the orthosis with NGE group (p<0.05).However, there were no significant differences between the treatment groups in relation to the improvement in the intraneural edema and the functional status (p<0.05). ZAma: Bu almann amac, hafif-orta iddette karpal tnel sendromlu (KTS) hastalarda ortez ile orteze ek sinir ve tendon kayma egzersizlerinin (STKE) medyan sinir morfolojisi ve fonksiyonel durum zerindeki etkilerini aratrmak ve nerilen tedavilerin etkinliini karlatrmaktr.Yntemler: Hafif-orta derecede KTS'li 19 hastann 27 el bilei almaya dahil edildi.Hastalar gruba ayrld: ntral el bilei ortezi grubu (n=8), ortez ile SKE grubu (n=10) ve ortez ile STKE (n=9).Medyan sinirin enine kesit alan (ultrasonografi) ve hastalarn fonksiyonel durumu (Boston karpal tnel sendromu anketi ve hastaya zg fonksiyonel

recognized the healing power of plants and referred to the holistic approach for sustainable health by saying, "All meadows, all mountains and hills are pharmacies" (1).The concept of phytotherapy generally refers to the use of medicinal plants or herbal medicines to prevent, treat diseases or improve health conditions.Most phytotherapies have been developed from traditional medicinal plants.This concept summarizes an ABSTRACTGastrointestinal disorders include various disorders affecting organs such as the stomach, intestines, and liver, and while they have an important place in human health, their treatment processes are also complex.These disorders constitute an increasing health problem today and pose a significant burden on both health services and individuals.In the treatment of these disorders, phytotherapy (herbal treatment) is considered an important alternative in addition to traditional medicine.The use of phytotherapy has become preferred because it offers more natural options for patients with fewer side effects.Phytotherapy provides positive effects on the digestive system with its many properties such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial features.In this article, various phytotherapeutic agents (e.g., aloe vera, turmeric, bitter melon, pomegranate, St. John's wort, mint, black cumin, berberine, garlic, olive leaf, cinnamon, tea, ginger, carnation and nettle) used in gastrointestinal disorders such as gastroesophageal reflux, peptic ulcer, inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome, colon polyps, colorectal and stomach cancer are discussed and their effects on the digestive system and potential properties in managing symptoms are discussed.

Forty-five mandibles (90 cases) used in education at the Anatomy Departments of Bezmialem Vakıf University, Hitit University and Marmara University Faculty of Medicine were examined macroscopically and the incidence of mylohyoid bridge was investigated. In some cases, the proximal part of the mylohyoid groove (sulcus mylohyoideus) may appear as a canal through a bony bridge (mylohyoid arc = mylohyoid bridge). Knowledge the frequency of mylohyoid bridge variations will contribute to the literature studies on this subject and will guide the practice of oral surgery and dentistry. Investigating anatomical variations, as well as collecting anthropometric data, is important to draw attention to clinical practices and guide clinicians.

Definition of FibromyalgiaFibromyalgia (FM) is a syndrome characterized by chronic musculoskeletal pain.The main symptoms of this disease are muscle and joint stiffness, insomnia, fatigue, mood disorders, cognitive dysfunction, anxiety, depression, general sensitivity, and inability to adequately perform normal daily activities.FM is also associated with specific diseases such as infections, diabetes, rheumatic, psychiatric or neurological disorders.There are similarities with neuropathic pain in terms of clinical findings, pathophysiology and neuropharmacology.Although FM is not a musculoskeletal system disease, most of the symptoms occur in this system (1,2).It is known that hypersensitivity is observed in some anatomical areas called tender points in FM syndrome ABSTRACT Fibromyalgia (FM) is characterized by chronic widespread pain accompanied by fatigue, poor sleep quality, and numerous accompanying conditions.Its prevalence worldwide is around 2.7%, and it is more common in women.Although its epidemiology and pathophysiology cannot be precisely explained, it is known that various factors coexist.Over the years, guidelines containing various criteria have been established for the diagnosis of the disease.The goal of treatment in FM is to improve the patient's quality of life and minimize symptoms as much as possible.The success of treatment in FM is limited.Many patients seek alternative treatment methods, including diet and lifestyle changes.Recently, medical nutritional therapies and phytotherapy products have been at the forefront of research in this area.Phytotherapy products can be added alone or in combination with other treatment methods and can enhance the success of treatment.In this article, the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnostic methods, pharmacological and non-pharmacological methods used in the treatment of FM syndrome will be discussed, and the most widely used phytotherapeutic products will be addressed.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of veneering with lithium-disilicate glass-ceramic material on the marginal microleakage of zirconia-supported crowns. Methods: Ten freshly extracted human third molars were embedded in an acrylic mold from the roots. Crown preparation of each tooth half was handled differently. The distal half of each tooth was prepared with a chamfer-type margin (1.2 mm), while the mesial half was finished with a mini-chamfer (0.6 mm). Zirconia frameworks were designed and manufactured with computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing, and the frameworks were veneered on the distal surfaces of the framework using lithium-disilicate glass-ceramic. Specimens were thermocycled and immersed in a basic fuchsine dye solution for 24 hours. Four cross-sections were made from each specimen (n=40), and dye penetrations were recorded under a stereo microscope for microleakage measurements. The microleakage values were statistically analyzed with a Mann-Whitney U test (α=0.05). Results: Mean microleakage values were recorded for each group. The values for the ceramic veneered margin group were noted as 1.17±0.69 mm, while the values for the zirconia margin group were noted as 1.03±0.74 mm. The results did not show significant differences for the compared groups (p=0.102). Conclusion: Lithium-disilicate glass-ceramic veneering for zirconia-supported restorations did not enhance the marginal seal capability.

Objective: Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) vaccination rates among pregnant women are lower than the general population. This study aimed to determine the impact of COVID-19 phobia and vaccination attitudes among pregnant women. Methods: This descriptive and cross-sectional study was conducted online with 254 pregnant women between May 2022 and December 2022; sociodemographic characteristics, COVID-19 vaccination data, Coronavirus Phobia Scale, and Anti-vaccine Scale of women with pregnancies older than 12 weeks of gestation were compared. Results: Our study determined that 68.5% of pregnant women received COVID-19 vaccination before pregnancy and 4.7% during pregnancy. It was determined that 30% of pregnant women did not know about COVID-19 vaccines. It was determined that there was a significant positive correlation between COVID-19 phobia and anti-vaccination levels. COVID-19 phobia was higher in pregnant women with children and low economic income. It was determined that women who had never been vaccinated had higher levels of anti-vaccination. Conclusion: Lack of information, having children, low economic income, the belief that the vaccine will have adverse side effects on the pregnant woman and her baby, and COVID-19 phobia were associated with low vaccination rates in pregnant women. These factors should be considered to raise public awareness and increase vaccination in pregnant women.