Rapid, sensitive, multiplexed antibody detection technologies are essential for assessing vaccine efficacy and recipient immunity against viruses. As severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants continue to emerge and novel viruses may pose potential threats in the near future, personalized vaccines can be precisely tailored to an individual's measured immunity to help mitigate the symptoms of infection and viral spread. Here, we present giant magnetoresistive (GMR) biosensor microarrays for the quantitative multiplexed detection of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 variants. The multiplexed GMR biosensor microarrays demonstrated high sensitivity, comparable to that of the single-plex enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, enabling multiplexed measurements using blood obtained from finger pricks. Additionally, the GMR biosensor microarrays demonstrated compatibility with clinical samples and could detect variant-specific antibodies in serum, allowing for the assessment of current immunity status. Notably, an increased concentration of antibodies against the Omicron variant was clearly observed two weeks after receiving an Omicron-based booster vaccination. These results indicate that GMR biosensor microarrays offer a practical point-of-care tool for monitoring humoral immunity and guiding personalized vaccination schedules, thereby supporting immunity management against SARS-CoV-2 and future viral threats.

Over the past decades, terahertz technology has emerged as a novel biologic analytical tool. Terahertz waves are not radio waves or visible lights, but possess unique optical characteristics, which have a wide range of applications in molecular fingerprinting, structural bio-molecular analysis, and microenvironmental analysis at cellular and tissue levels. Because of its ability to probe fundamental interactions, terahertz technology allows for a deeper understanding of intricate biological systems through non-destructive detection methods. Despite significant advances, some challenges, such as limited spectral selectivity and significant absorption in aqueous environments, remain unaddressed. In this review, we aimed to highlight recent developments in terahertz spectroscopy, focusing on theoretical principles, applications in bio-sensing, and methodologies to overcome the limitations of biological applications.

Understanding the metabolism of drugs is a principal consideration when it comes to understanding the activity of a precursor drug and determining if the precursor is converted into bioactive metabolites after ingestion in the human body. This process is typically studied using either animal models or in vitro models, such as human liver microsomes (HLM). In this research, a novel one-piece microreactor was fabricated with light-curing 3D printing technology, which can be seamlessly and directly integrated with a liquid chromatography–mass spectrometer (LC–MS) system for drug metabolic analysis after an in vitro human liver microsomal reaction. The results clearly showed that: (1) this system was able to conduct metabolic reactions (demonstrated by three commonly abused substances or impurity in illicit heroin including heroin, 6-acetylcodeine, and buprenorphine) at the operation temperature of 37 °C and operation pressure ranging from 7.8 to 21.5 bars, and its performance was very competitive to the conventional method while reducing total processing steps and minimizing manual operation, (2) the integrated LC–MS system demonstrated a high stability and precision where the RSD of chromatographic peak area and retention time was only 2.53% and 0.91%, and (3) the 3D printed reactors, featuring an integrated locking design and a bonded filtration membrane, can significantly enhance usage convenience, reduce specimen process time, and resist high back pressure, potentially advancing drug metabolism studies.

The development of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and CRISPR-associated protein (Cas) technology (CRISPR/Cas) as a gene-editing tool has the potential to revolutionize nucleic acid analysis. Recently, CRISPR/Cas systems have demonstrated considerable promise in the development of biosensors for the detection of essential disease biomarkers because they exhibit nonspecific collateral cleavage properties upon target sequence recognition. However, the CRISPR/Cas-based biosensors developed thus far have limitations, such as complicated steps, low sensitivity, low selectivity, and low signal-to-noise ratios. These limitations can be overcome by incorporating the unique characteristics of plasmonic nanomaterials into CRISPR/Cas systems to enhance the signal and improve the sensitivity of these biosensors. From this perspective, current interdisciplinary studies on CRISPR/Cas-based nanobiosensors comprising plasmonic nanomaterials can contribute to the development of highly sensitive CRISPR/Cas-based nanobiosensors. These nanobiosensors can detect attractive disease biomarkers, such as viral nucleic acids, small molecules, and proteins. This review article provides a thorough overview of nanobiosensors that incorporate CRISPR/Cas systems combined with plasmonic nanomaterials to enhance biosensing performance. We believe this review will inspire novel approaches and further innovation in the fields of molecular diagnostics and biomedicine aimed at using CRISPR/Cas systems and plasmonic nanomaterials for more personalized and effective medical treatments.