Abstract Few events and virtually no trials carry cultural and political meaning for over a century, but 100 years after it ended with a courtroom triumph for the prosecution and a cultural victory for the defense, the Scopes trial continues to resonate in American politics, science, religion, and popular culture. It brought together powerful forces in American society that have only grown stronger over time. In this Overview, I discuss the origins, proceedings, and impact of that now-epic misdemeanor trial that took place in July of 1925 in Dayton, Tennessee. The account highlights the role of American orator and politician William Jennings Bryan in the lead up and prosecution of the event, and of famed lawyer and secularist Clarence Darrow for the defense. More than any of the other participants, their presence and tactics turned a small-town trial into a national cultural event of enduring significance.

Sustainable pastoralism represents a primary strategy for supporting goals of the Kunming–Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework. Sixty-seven percent of biodiversity hotspots and 38% of key biodiversity areas globally include rangelands, but international conventions seldom recognize this vast biodiversity repository. We summarize four synergies between pastoralism and biodiversity conservation: working lands conservation, continuation of vital disturbance regimes, connectivity through transhumance corridors, and community-led governance. Actions that leverage these synergies offer critical opportunities to mitigate biodiversity loss through the creation of a vast conservation network that includes working lands and protected areas. This will require that the contemporary conservation paradigm envision pastoralists as an asset rather than a threat to biodiversity conservation and recognize grazing and fire as ecological disturbances vital to the maintenance of biodiversity. Greater inclusion of rangelands and sustainable pastoralism within global conservation frameworks has high potential to enhance attainment of global biodiversity targets.

Hotspots of cave biodiversity were mapped globally on the basis of recently published species lists of cave-limited invertebrates and vertebrates. Lists of sites with 20 aquatic or 20 terrestrial cave-limited taxa were mapped on a global scale, with special reference to Pleistocene glaciation, and present-day ecoregions. Twelve sites had 20 or more aquatic species; 17 had 20 or more terrestrial species. Only three sites from the Dinaric Karst had both 20 aquatic and 20 terrestrial species. Aquatic sites were either chemolithoautotrophic or along a ridge at about 45 (Europe) and at about 35 degrees north (in the United States). The terrestrial sites were chemolithoautotrophic or along the ridge but were also found in moist forests in tropics and subtropics. We describe emerging patterns of biodiversity hotspots and discuss the drivers of these patterns, including historical climate change, cave systems density, and resource availability, and highlight conservation challenges associated with protecting these unique ecosystems.

Abstract We describe a minimally invasive pilot study to characterize the microbiota of exhaled breath from wild Pacific white-sided dolphins. Samples were collected in a site that is far from any agriculture facilities or large human settlements but home to a high concentration of open-net aquaculture facilities for Atlantic salmon. This case study in pathogen surveillance in wild dolphins reveals a wide diversity of pathogens, including several with the potential to cross species and infect critically endangered killer whales, or humans. Common species are often neglected in funding strategies that prioritize species at imminent risk of extinction, but they may be a top priority for disease surveillance. One important cobenefit of integrating biodiversity monitoring in a One Health framework may be to support monitoring of both abundance and zoonotic potential of common species whose biomass alone makes them key players in ecosystem function.

Introdução: EM é doença autoimune que afeta o sistema nervoso central. Nessa condição, o sistema imunológico ataca a mielina, substância que reveste as fibras nervosas, causando danos à comunicação entre o cérebro e o corpo. Isso pode resultar em ampla gama de sintomas, incluindo fraqueza muscular, dificuldades de coordenação, fadiga, distúrbios visuais, e até mesmo problemas cognitivos. Objetivo: Descrever os avanços no tratamento de EM com anticorpos monoclonais anti-CD20+. Método: Revisão integrativa utilizando como banco de dados Pubmed e ScienceDirect, utilizando os termos “Antigens CD20”, “Multiple Sclerosis” e “Antibodies Monoclonal”. Os critérios de inclusão dos artigos foram período de publicação de até 5 anos, idioma em inglês e texto disponibilizado gratuitamente. Resultado: Com a descoberta da participação de linfócitos B em diversos estágios de EM, possibilitou-se o uso de tratamento farmacológico com a utilização de anticorpos monoclonais anti-CD20+. Por agirem de forma a depletar célula do sistema imune, efeitos adversos se mostraram frequentes, como reações de hipersensibilidade tipo II e aparecimento de infecções oportunistas. Conclusão: Esta terapêutica se mostrou eficiente no tratamento de estágios iniciais, com redução da velocidade de progressão de sintomas incapacitantes nos pacientes.

Introdução: A junção craniocervical, localizada entre a base do crânio e as primeiras vértebras cervicais, é uma região anatômica e neurologicamente significativa. Devido à sua complexidade, lesões e malformações nessa área podem levar a complicações neurológicas graves, necessitando de intervenções cirúrgicas precisas. Os avanços nas técnicas cirúrgicas, como as abordagens endoscópica e microcirúrgica, ampliaram as opções de tratamento, possibilitando procedimentos mais seguros e menos invasivos. Objetivo: Este estudo tem como objetivo revisar as abordagens cirúrgicas mais comuns da junção craniocervical, incluindo as técnicas suboccipital, transoral, transnasal, lateral distante e lateral extrema. Método: Foi realizada uma revisão narrativa da literatura existente sobre técnicas cirúrgicas da junção craniocervical. A revisão incluiu análises de casos clínicos, resultados cirúrgicos e avanços tecnológicos, como o uso de endoscópios e monitorização neurofisiológica intraoperatória. Foram incluídos estudos comparativos e relatos de casos ilustrando as vantagens e limitações de cada abordagem cirúrgica. Resultado: O planejamento pré-operatório detalhado é essencial para cirurgias bem-sucedidas na junção craniocervical. As avaliações radiológicas por meio de ressonância magnética e tomografia computadorizada permitem a análise tridimensional precisa das estruturas anatômicas. As técnicas microcirúrgicas, incluindo microscópios avançados e instrumentos especializados, melhoraram a segurança das dissecções e a preservação de estruturas críticas, como as artérias vertebrais e os nervos cranianos. O monitoramento neurofisiológico intraoperatório tem se mostrado eficaz na proteção das funções neurológicas durante a cirurgia. Conclusão: A cirurgia da junção craniocervical requer uma compreensão profunda da anatomia local e das estruturas neurovasculares. O uso de técnicas microcirúrgicas avançadas e abordagens minimamente invasivas, combinadas com um planejamento pré-operatório detalhado, é essencial para otimizar os resultados cirúrgicos e minimizar as complicações. Inovações tecnológicas, como monitorização intraoperatória e visualização endoscópica, têm contribuído para procedimentos mais seguros e eficazes nessa complexa região.

Abstract Previous research on a transition in human evolution has been befuddled by the complexity of adaptive culture and made little effort toward empirical tests. We resolve these problems with a novel and testable theoretical mechanism. First, we explain how a differential in adaptive capacity between genetic and cultural inheritance could drive an evolutionary transition in both inheritance and individuality (ETII). We elaborate the ETII hypothesis and show it can resolve the prior debates, such as why genetic group selection is not a necessary precondition to transition. Next, we develop quantitative metrics of evolutionary transition in both phenotype and fitness to measure movement along this transition. We evaluate available evidence and find that patterns in gene–culture coevolution lend credence to the possibility of an ongoing transition. Finally, we derive a set of testable predictions and outline an agenda for future research.

Abstract The accelerating rate of statistical package development has allowed researchers to easily perform increasingly advanced statistical analyses and has enhanced engagement of researchers in both writing analytical code and developing packages. However, this increase in the number of packages forms a correspondingly complex web of package interdependencies. This web aligns the many packages into a coherent ecosystem and greatly facilitates the ongoing development of new functionality, but package dependencies are not necessarily coordinated and, as , such also represent potential points for code to break. In the present article, we explore temporal trends in R package development, highlighting the rise in packages, dependencies, and archivals (as a way to quantify breaking packages). Following R Core Team developer Kurt Hornik's question from over a decade ago, we wonder “Are there too many R packages?”