Introduction. Maternal separation (MS) is a commonly utilized model of early-life stress to explain the influence on brain development and psychological behavior. MS has been demonstrated to elevate the likelihood of developing anxiety disorders as a consequence of alterations in hypothalamic- pituitary-adrenal (HPA) functionality and neurotransmitter levels. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of maternal separation (MS) duration on anxiety behavior in male Swiss Webster strain white mice (Mus musculus L.). Methods. The study used a true experimental method with a posttest- only control group design. A total of 28 male mice aged 2 days were randomly assigned to one of four groups: a control group that did not undergo maternal separation (MS) and three MS treatment groups with a duration of 2 hours, 4 hours, and 6 hours per day for 21 days. Anxiety behavior was evaluated using the Elevated Plus Maze (EPM), with the number and duration of entries into the closed and open arms serving as the primary analysis metrics. The data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and post-hoc LSD statistical tests. The duration of MS significantly impacted the anxiety behavior of the mice. Results. The MS groups of 2, 4 and 6 hours demonstrated a notable increase in the number and duration of entries into the closed arm in comparison to the control group (p < 0.05), which is indicative of increased anxiety. In contrast, the number of entries into the open arm decreased in the 6 h MS group compared to the control. Conclusion. The results indicated that MS negatively affected the anxiety behavior of mice, with longer duration exacerbating the trend.

Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is a key enzyme in prostanoid production and is best known as a mediator of the inflammatory response. Beyond this well-established role, COX-2 also contributes to tissue regeneration by promoting neovascularization and supporting stem cell recruitment, proliferation, and differentiation. Despite this, research on harnessing the COX-2 pathway as a therapeutic tool, rather than solely as a target for inhibition, remains limited, presenting a promising avenue for future studies. In this review, we summarize current insights from both in vitro and in vivo models into COX-2 signaling in tissue regeneration, focusing on molecular mechanisms through which its downstream mediators, especially prostaglandin (PGE2), regulate vascular formation, tissue growth, and stem cell function. We also briefly outline the dual nature of these processes, which can either facilitate repair or drive pathological outcomes, and discuss emerging strategies for achieving controlled therapeutic applications.

Introduction. Elevations in cardiac biomarkers such as creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB) have been reported in stroke patients, even without clinical signs of heart disease. CK-MB, a cardiac-specific isoenzyme, indicates myocardial stress or injury. Exploring CK-MB dynamics in elderly post-stroke patients may provide insights into cardiovascular risk and prognosis. Methods. This comparative analytical cross-sectional study involved two groups of stroke patients admitted to Sentra Medika Hospital, Cikarang: hemorrhagic stroke (n=8) and ischemic stroke (n=8), totaling 16 participants. Inclusion criteria were age ≥60 years, stroke history within 3–6 months, and no cardiovascular disease based on medical records. Venous blood samples were collected to measure serum CK-MB levels using ELISA. Data were analyzed with an independent sample t-test. Results. A significant difference in mean CK-MB levels was observed (p=0.03). The hemorrhagic group had a mean CK-MB of 29 U/L, while the ischemic group had 26 U/L. Both values exceeded the reference level of <25 U/L, showing elevated CK-MB in both stroke types. Conclusion. Serum CK-MB levels were significantly elevated in elderly patients after hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke compared with normal values, suggesting CK-MB as a potential clinical marker in post-stroke patients.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by reduced insulin sensitivity and inadequate insulin secretion, leading to elevated blood glucose levels. Standard treatment relies on synthetic drugs, which can cause adverse effects in some patients. Rhodomyrtus tomentosa, a plant native to Indonesia and widely used in traditional medicine, is being explored as a natural alternative for diabetes management due to its potential antidiabetic properties. This review compiles recent findings on its therapeutic potential. A systematic literature search was conducted in August 2024 in PubMed, Wiley Online Library, ScienceDirect, Cochrane Library, ProQuest, and Google Scholar using the keywords “Rhodomyrtus tomentosa” and “antidiabetic.” Of 774 screened articles, five met the inclusion criteria (2014–2024). The studies employed in vitro, in vivo, and in silico approaches, focusing mainly on fruits and leaves. Results indicate that R. tomentosa may help control blood glucose by inhibiting α-glucosidase and α-amylase, enzymes critical in carbohydrate digestion. Bioactive compounds such as phloroglucinols and meroterpenes were frequently identified. However, most evidence comes from laboratory models, with limited animal research and no clinical trials. The risk of bias was moderate, often due to incomplete reporting. While findings suggest R. tomentosa is a promising natural candidate for diabetes treatment, its therapeutic value remains unconfirmed. More robust in vivo studies and human clinical trials are essential to clarify its mechanisms, safety, pharmacokinetics, and efficacy. This review serves as a basis for future research and highlights the need for rigorous studies to validate its clinical potential.

Introduction. Antibiotic resistance (AR) is a critical issue in global health, characterized by the increasing number of resistant pathogens that threaten the effectiveness of infection therapy. Although there has been a significant increase in the number of scientific publications related to AR, there are not many studies that systematically map the dynamics and direction of global research. This study aims to evaluate the global trend of antibiotic resistance research in the period 2022–2025 through a bibliometric approach. Methods. This is a quantitative bibliometric study with a descriptive design. Data were taken from 1,845 indexed international scientific sources, covering 18,786 documents. The analysis was carried out using the Bibliometrix R-package , focusing on publication growth, scientific collaboration, dominant keywords, and identification of the most contributing authors, institutions, and countries. Results. The study showed that despite a -28.01% decline in the annual publication growth rate, research volume remained high, with 27.62% cross-border collaboration and 87,959 authors involved. China and the United States dominated both in terms of publications and citations, while frequent keywords reflected a laboratory approach and focus on major pathogens. The most influential articles were published in leading journals such as The Lancet, Gut, and Clinical Infectious Diseases. Conclusion. This study confirms that antibiotic resistance remains a major focus of the global scientific community, characterized by extensive, collaborative, and evidence-based research activities. These findings provide an important scientific basis for designing more effective, adaptive, and sustainable AR research and policy strategies at the global level.

Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) impairs spatial memory, affects individuals' quality of life, and increases disability and mortality rates. Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy (HBOT), which delivers nearly 100% oxygen in a pressurised environment, has a potential intervention to ameliorate these cognitive deficits. This narrative review presents evidence from animal studies demonstrating the efficacy of HBOT in enhancing spatial memory in rats with TBI. Specifically, we present evidence that HBOT increases levels of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) and activates the Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1-alpha (HIF-1α) pathway. These molecular changes foster neuroplasticity and reduce oxidative stress, thereby promoting the repair and growth of dendritic spines and decreasing Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) levels to prevent neuronal death. By elucidating these mechanisms, this review shows how HBOT contributes to spatial memory recovery in TBI, suggesting a promising therapeutic avenue that need further clinical exploration to refine treatment protocols and evaluate its applicability in human TBI recovery.

Introduction. Indonesia's geographical area appears to be separated into two regions: highlands and lowlands. Highlands impact hemoglobin levels. Because of the decreased partial pressure of oxygen and the body's acclimatization response, being at a high altitude results in hypoxia. In order to adjust to low oxygen levels, hemoglobin levels rise. This study aimed to compare hemoglobin levels using the hemoglobin POCT test among teenagers residing in the lowlands of Blitar Regency, East Java. Methods. Purposive sampling is used in the research method, which employs a cross-sectional approach. The sample is chosen using inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results. With an average hemoglobin level of 14.6833 g/dl, teenagers in the Highlands had normal hemoglobin levels for up to five of them (42%), and abnormal hemoglobin levels for seven of them (58%). The average hemoglobin level among teens in the lowlands was 12.2333 g/dl, with three (25%) and nine (75%) having normal levels. Using the Independent T-Test, the data analysis revealed a significant value of 0.038 <0.05. Conclusion. Hemoglobin levels of adolescents who live in the highlands of Semen Village RT. 03 RW. 04 had an average hemoglobin level of 14.6833 g/dl, and hemoglobin levels in adolescents who lived in the lowlands of Sutojayan Village, RT. 01 PC. 04 with an average hemoglobin level of 12.23 g/dL and a significance value of 0.038.

Introduction. Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is glucose intolerance in pregnancy due to reduced ability of pancreatic beta cells to produce insulin, causing oxidative stress that triggers various complications such as brain apoptosis to locomotor disorders and decreased head size which has an impact on mortality rates. Pharmacological treatment of GDM has side effects that risk affecting fetal development. Therefore, curcumin as a herbal medicine can be an option for GDM treatment because it can increase insulin sensitivity by activating the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-gamma) receptor. Methods. Post Test Only Control Group Design was used in this experimental study which was tested on each research variable consisting of 25 zebrafish embryos divided into 5 treatment groups consisting of a negative control, a positive control exposed to 3% glucose, and a diabetic group given curcumin nanoemulsion with three different doses (0.3125 μg/ml, 0.625 μg/ml, 1.25 μg/ml). One Way ANOVA and Post Hoc Tukey tests were used to analyze the data from this study. Results. P value from One Way ANOVA test p=0.024 for brain apoptosis, p=0.00 for locomotor ability, p=0.04 for head size, and p=0.006 for mortality rate. Turkey Post Hoc test showed significant differences in the control and 3% glucose + 0.625 µg/ml curcumin nanoemulsion groups (p<0.05). Conclusion. Curcumin nanoemulsion therapy has an effect on decreasing brain apoptosis, increasing locomotor, inhibiting the decrease in head size, and decreasing the mortality rate in zebrafish with gestational diabetes. The most effective dose of curcumin nanoemulsion is 0.625 µg/ml.

Introduction. Oxidative stress caused by an imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and antioxidant defenses leads to various diseases. Arcangelisia flava, a medicinal plant, contains antioxidant-active phenols and flavonoids. This study evaluates the total phenol and flavonoid content and the antioxidant activity of the ethanol fraction of A. flava stem. Methods. An experimental study was conducted using 750 grams of A. flava stem. The sample underwent fractionation and was analyzed using Folin-Ciocalteu and AlCl3 methods to determine total phenol and flavonoid content. Antioxidant activity was assessed using the DPPH method. Data were analyzed using regression equations and IC50 values. Results. The ethanol fraction contained 57.81 ± 3.28 mg GAE/g of total phenol and 114.6 ± 1.02 mg QE/g of total flavonoid. The IC50 value for the ethanol fraction was 72.88 ppm, indicating strong antioxidant activity, albeit less potent than ascorbic acid (IC50 7.37 ppm). Conclusion. The ethanol fraction of A. flava stem is a potential natural antioxidant source.

Spinal instability can be caused by various conditions including an illness, trauma, and degenerative processes affecting one or more of the three spinal subsystems. These three subsystems are the spine and ligaments, back muscles, and the nervous system work synergistically to maintain spinal stability. Until now it is still difficult to identify spinal instability. Low back pain (LBP) affects 60-80% of the world's population and in the United States causes losses of around $15-50 billion each year. For several decades, a muscle training program has been the main program that recommended to solve LBP, based on the premise that the muscle subsystem is a subsystem that can be repaired and improved, a muscle training program is developed and applied in the management of NPB. This literature review focuses on aspects of stabilization exercises in the management of low back pain with and without spinal instability.