Hairy roots, characterized by the ability to grow rapidly and autonomously in vitro, serve as an effective model for studying plant metabolism and enable the creation of genome-edited plants with enhanced stress tolerance. They are also suitable for industrial cultivation to produce valuable biological compounds. In some plant species, spontaneous organogenesis is possible in cultures of such roots, which facilitates the rapid production of transgenic and genome-edited lines in cases where regeneration from explants is problematic. Previously, we obtained hairy roots from cotyledon explants of eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) cultivar 'The Snow White' using Agrobacterium rhizogenes strain 15834 by transformation of cotyledons. This paper describes the spontaneous regenerantion of shoots from hairy root lines, their successful rooting, and adaptation to soil conditions. The resulting six plants are capable of flowering and fruiting in the laboratory. This technology simplifies the production of eggplants with edited genomes and genetic modifications.

Despite the apparent ease of conducting PCR with a pair of primers, experimenters often encounter the fact that even well-chosen primers do not provide the desired result, which can occur for many reasons. These include the amplification of so-called "difficult" templates, which include those with a high GC composition of the amplified DNA region, which causes the formation (after the denaturation stage) of strong secondary structures in single-stranded DNA, which DNA polymerase is sometimes unable to overcome at the elongation stage, as well as an excessively large length of amplicons with low processivity of enzyme. In addition, DNA polymerase is sometimes inhibited due to certain substances present in the reaction mixture (usually added together with the analyzed DNA preparation) and interfering with the full functioning of this enzyme. To overcome these difficulties, it is proposed to add in the reaction mixture additional components or enhancers, which may include various nanomaterials and nanocomposite substances, which led to the appearance of the so-called nanoPCR. Among them the most popular additives are gold nanoparticles, including those coated with various compounds that change their surface charge. Nanoparticles of some metals or their oxides or sulfides are also widely used in nanoPCR. Various allotropic forms of carbon are also used – graphene, graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide, diamond nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, carbon nanopowder. There were attempts to use fullerene, but it only inhibited the reaction. In addition to these nanocompounds, various quantum dots of different diameters and compositions, as well as some other nanoscale substances, are often used. The mechanisms of action in nanoPCR of these nanocompounds differ, primarily due to different structures, but several types can be distinguished in the form of sorption on their surfaces of both single-stranded DNA and DNA polymerase, as well as an increase in the thermal conductivity of the solution. At the same time, only a slight excess of the optimal concentrations of such enhancers can lead to inhibition of the amplification process.

The year 2025 marks two anniversaries in connection with DNA sequencing in general and plant genomes in particular. So, 50 years ago, a relatively fast DNA sequencing method was developed, called the "plus/minus" method, which was soon replaced by two other even faster methods. The separation of sequencing reaction products by high-voltage gel electrophoresis became common to them all. Three decades later, non-electrophoretic methods had to be developed to increase the productivity of DNA sequencing, and many such methods appeared. At the same time, their improvement continues and new ones are being developed. 25 years ago, the first plant (nuclear) genome of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana was sequenced, which was characterized by a mosaic assembly of paired chromosome fragments. The chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes of Arabidopsis were sequenced one year and three years earlier, respectively. It was only many years later that a diploid genome with phased haplotype assembly was sequenced for Arabidopsis and a nuclear pangenome was composed which must replace the obsolescent reference genomes. At the same time, neither the panplastome nor the panmitogenome for this model plant species, which is Arabidopsis, has yet been composed. However genomics should, in fact, turn into pangenomics, including relying on knowledge of haplotypes, since the concept of the reference genome has already outlived itself and it can be metaphorically compared to a single street lamp illuminating only a small space around beyond which nothing is visible, whereas the pangenome carries information about the full pool of genes characteristic of for a specific type. Really, a plant cell is controlled by a triad of nuclear, mitochondrial, and chloroplast genomes, and they all need to be sequenced, including taking into account intraspecific DNA polymorphism.

As a result of the work of industrial enterprises, agricultural production and other types of human activity in the world, the problem of environmental pollution with difficult-to-degrade toxic compounds is becoming increasingly acute. Various physical and chemical methods of recultivation and remediation have serious limitations, such as high cost, labor intensity, as well as disruption of the ecological-trophic structure and successional changes in ecosystems. The catalytic decomposition of pollutants using enzymes can compete with classical methods of cleaning the environment from pollutants. Peroxidases are widespread enzymes belonging to the class of oxidoreductases that can destroy the carbon backbone of complex organic compounds. This review presents recent research on the application of bacterial peroxidases as environmentally friendly catalysts for the bioremediation of contaminated ecosystems.

Nicotiana tabacum L. is a plant of the Solanaceae family, which is an industrial cultivated species that can be used as biofactories for the production of drugs, vaccines or valuable small metabolites; tobacco plants also have a unique ability for rapid and efficient callusogenesis. Because of this, it can be used as a model plant cell system. Two varieties of smoking tobacco Virginia 202 and Yubileiny new 142 were considered, in which the efficiency of callusogenesis was studied under standard conditions on a medium with the addition of 1 mg/l 6-BAP (6-benzylaminopurine) and 0.1 mg/l NAA (naphthylacetic acid) with using regeneration through the callus stage. As a result, the variety Virginia 202 showed a high potential for callus formation, in addition, it adapted well in laboratory conditions after growth in vitro and produced mature seeds. This makes it possible to expand the range of varieties used with high callus formation efficiency for studying models with introduced genetic changes.

The features of expression of the uidA reporter gene under the control of tissue-specific promoters of the apetala3 (ap3) and rpt2a genes of Arabidopsis thaliana L. in the transgenic callus culture of Nicotiana tabacum were studied. The starting material for obtaining callus culture was previously created monoinsertion homozygous (T2) transgenic tobacco plants obtained by agrobacterial transformation. Callus cultures were obtained from two types of explants (stem, leaf) and were cultivated on three cultural media that differed in the ratio and amount of plant hormones auxin (NAA) and cytokinin (kinetin). In the studied callus lines, variability was revealed both in the enzymatic activity of β-glucuronidase and in the accumulation of mRNA. No reliably significant differences in the expression of the uidA gene were detected between different media for each type of explant and between types of explant, which suggests the insensitivity of these promoters to changes in the hormonal composition of nutrient media. The level of expression of the uidA gene under the control of the tissue-specific promoters of the ap3 and rpt2a genes of A.thaliana in callus lines was lower than the level of expression of the uidA gene under the control of the 35S CaMV promoter in the control callus line. The level of uidA reporter gene transcript accumulation did not correlate with the level of β-glucuronidase enzymatic activity. Histochemical analysis of transgenic calli revealed that in all lines, different color variants were present with different frequencies (fully colored calli, mosaic colored and not colored at all), which indicates epigenetic changes associated with the loss of reporter gene expression in vitro. In general, the results of the analysis showed that the promoters of the ap3 and rpt2a genes of A. thaliana are active in tobacco callus culture and can be effective as regulatory elements in synthetic promoters.

Bread spring wheat is one of the most important crops, which leads to the development of effective approaches to its cultivation both in the field and in vitro. At the same time, wheat reproduction in vitro is associated with the stage of callus formation and its further regeneration. However, not all wheat varieties are capable of morphogenic callus formation and in vitro regeneration. In this work, 5 varieties of bread spring wheat were studied for regenerative ability: Iren 2, Happy, Novosibirskaya 16, Zlata, Daria, and the effect of lighting intensity on the activity of their organogenesis was estimated. To induce callus, synthetic auxin 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) was used in various concentrations: 0.5 mg/l for Murashige and Skoog nutrient medium (MS) with L7 salts (MSL7), as well as 2.5 mg/l for MS and MSL7 media. The ability to regenerate shoots in calli was analyzed on hormone-free nutrient media MS and L7, with various lighting options: 90 or 120 μmol/m2c. It was revealed that for the effective induction of morphogenic calluses from mature embryos of the varieties of bread spring wheat used by us, it is advisable to use the MSL7 nutrient medium in the presence of 0.5 or 2.5 mg/l 2.4-D. The most promising and having the greatest regenerative potential of the varieties studied by us are the varieties of bread spring wheat Iren 2 and Happy.

A study was conducted on 20-hydroxyecdysone at a concentration of 10-10 mol/l to 10-7 mol/l, fed in sugar syrup on the lifespan of workers under conditions of hyperthermia (50 °C). The study was carried out both in summer and during wintering. Low concentrations of 20E up to 0.4×10-9 mol/l inclusive promoted the increase in resistance to hyperthermia, which, when increased to 2×10-9, sharply drops by 1.8 times and rises again at a concentration of 1×10-7 mol/l. It has been suggested that when exogenous 20E was supplied with food at a concentration of 2×10-9 mol/l, the enzymatic oxidation of 20E was activated, which causes a decrease in the level of endogenous 20E titer in the hemolymph and change in the sign of the effect. The change of bees survival time under hyperthermia with half-maximal effective concentration (EC50) of 20E 1×10-9 mol/l can be used as a method for determining the content of 20E. In this way it is determined that the Leuzea honey sample contains 2×10-5 mol/kg (10 mg/kg) 20E. The content of 20Е in Leuzea honey sample determined in this way was 2×10-5 mol/kg (10 mg/kg).

The presence of PGP bacteria in the rhizosphere has a positive effect on plant growth and increases their productivity both under favorable and stressful conditions. Despite the fact that much attention is paid to the various mechanisms of action of growth-promoting bacteria on plants, the aspect of the effect of bacteria on changes in the formation of apoplastic barriers and their effect on water transport remains almost unexplored. Previously, it was shown that Pseudomonas mandelii IB-Ki14 accelerated the formation of Casparian bands in wheat plants, although the involvement of LTPs (Lipid Transfer Proteins) in this process has not been shown. The aim of this study was to elucidate the effect of bacterial inoculation on LTP synthesis in the roots of the pea (Pisum sativum) and its relation to the formation of apoplastic barriers and hydraulic conductance. We aimed to test the hypothesis that the decrease in hydraulic conductance due to increased formation of apoplastic barriers can be compensated by increased activity of aquaporin water channels. Activation of genes encoding PsLTP and an increase in the amount of lipid-transporting proteins in pea root phloem induced by P. mandelii IB-Ki14 treatment were found. Inoculation was accompanied by an increase in suberin deposition in the Casparian bands, while hydraulic conductivity did not decrease. The use of Fenton's reagent, which is an inhibitor of aquaporins, showed that the hydraulic conductivity of plants treated with bacteria decreased to a greater extent compared to the control group, which indicates an increase in the activity of aquaporins under the influence of bacteria. We conclude that P. mandelii IB-Ki14 stimulates the deposition of suberin, the biosynthesis of which involves lipid-transporting proteins, and increases the activity of aquaporins, which, in turn, prevents a possible decrease in hydraulic conductivity due to the formation of apoplastic barriers in pea roots.

Botanic gardens and arboretums are being set up around the world to help create special collections of plants for the purpose of introduction, conservation of biodiversity and enrichment of the plant world, as well as scientific and educational activities, which, in addition, help in the fight against climate change. In our project, for the first time, it is proposed to create a specialized nectar-bearing arboretum, called the nectar-bearing landscape area of continuous flowering or a nectar forest, which, in addition to the above functions of ordinary arboretums, will also have economic value in the form of creating a universal food base for efficient beekeeping in our region. The first nectar forest with an area of about 18 hectares will be created in the south of the Nurimanovskiy district of the Republic of Bashkortostan near the village of Kyzyl-Barzhau. It is planned to plant a nectar forest, which will consist of 50% different species and forms of lindens, 20% willow and maple species, and the share of all other melliferous woody plants will be 30%. The total number of taxa of the genus Tilia L. (linden) will be 24; it is also planned to use at least 6 species of maple and 12 species and forms of willow. The total number of tree taxa involved will be at least 100. The total duration of flowering of honey plants in the nectar-bearing landscape area of continuous flowering with the participation of the entire population of planned taxa will be at least 193 days (from April 13 to October 24), which will cover the entire beekeeping season in the selected region. The organization of a nectar forest with high species diversity will increase the amount of honey obtained per unit area by at least 114% more compared to Tilia cordata plantations. Increasing the diversity of the forage base and its availability throughout the season will improve the health and stress resistance of bee colonies and increase the brood. In addition to honey production, the nectar forest will also perform the traditional functions of arboretums: scientific, educational, environmental, aesthetic, and recreational. Since the laying of a new arboretum involves the cultivation of a young forest that absorbs carbon dioxide most efficiently, the nectar forest can be used as one of the sites of the Eurasian carbon polygons, which is planned to be created in the Republic of Bashkortostan.