Aim. To analyze the pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic features of the latest biologics for the correction of posttraumatic stress disorder, and to assess their therapeutic potential for personalized medicine. Мethods. The study employs general scientific approaches, including analysis, synthesis, and abstraction of scientific papers related to neurobiology, psychopharmacology, and microbiology, which were identified through an Internet search using the electronic databases Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar. Results. PTSD is associated with dysregulation of neurotransmitter systems, hyperactivity of the amygdala, reduced activity of the prefrontal cortex, and disorders of the gut-brain axis. The latest biologics, such as BNC210, which modulates the cholinergic system, and probiotics (Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium), which affect the microbiome, demonstrate high efficacy. Biologics have a rapid onset of action (6–8 weeks for probiotics) and minimal side effects. However, high cost and limited clinical trial data are significant barriers. Conclusions. Biologics offer new perspectives for the treatment of PTSD due to their unique mechanisms of action and safety. Their potential in personalized medicine, in particular through modulation of the individual microbiome, is promising. Further research and optimization of dosage will facilitate the integration of biologics into standard treatment protocols, improving treatment efficacy and quality of life for patients.

Aim. This study aimed to investigate the effect of pharmacological inhibition of RAD51, via RAD51-IN-1, on the MDAH-2774 cell line. Methods. To achieve these objectives, firstly, MDAH-2774 cells were treated with different doses of RAD51-IN-1 to determine the effects on cell viability and the IC50 value of RAD51-IN-1. Intracellular ROS levels of the cells were investigated by DCFDA staining and their migration abilities were examined by wound healing test. In the last set of experiments, the effect of RAD51-IN-1 monotherapy application on cell death was investigated by acridine orange/ethidium bromide staining. Results. In the experimental findings obtained, firstly, cells were treated with different doses of RAD51-IN-1 to decrease cell viability and IC50 of RAD51-IN-1 was determined. In addition, it was observed that the amount of intracellular ROS increased after DCFDA staining after RAD51-IN-1 treatment. In the last set of experiments, it was determined that cell death occurred with increasing doses following acridine orange/ethidium bromide staining of RAD51-IN-1. Conclusion. The RAD51-IN-1 small molecule inhibitor is a promising approach for treating ovarian cancer, but the drug requires further in vitro evaluation.

The issue of treating cerebrovascular disorders is very important due to their wide occurrence in the human population, especially in the elderly. The resulting ischemia of brain tissues leads to mortality, violent behaviour, biochemical and morphological changes in the brain. Correlation analysis allows evaluating the statistical relationship between two random variables or two-dimensional data. In recent years, the neuroprotective properties of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have been actively studied. Stem cell transplantation for ischemic stroke is one of the ways of the modern regenerative strategy in the treatment of this pathology. Aim. Тhe study was to analyse the correlations between biochemical indicators determined in the somatosensory cortex and hippocampus, morphological manifestations of neuroapoptosis, and parameters of CNS functioning in acute cerebral ischemia in rats after MSCs transplantation. Methods. A 20-minute bilateral cerebral ischemia-reperfusion in rats. Experimental animals were intravenously injected with mesenchymal stromal cells from human umbilical cord Wharton jelly (hWJMSCs) or adult adipose-derived stem cells (hAD-MSCs). Rats were evaluated for mortality dynamics, neurological deficits, and biochemical parameters 7 and 14 days after surgery. Results. Mortality after transplantation of hWJ-MSCs was 10% versus 65% in the control group and 32% in the group of rats that received hAD-MSCs. On day 7, the mean McGraw scores were 7.1 Ѓ} 0.19/ 8.9 Ѓ} 0.23 /11.8 Ѓ} 0.48 points in rats injected with hWJ-MSCs/ hAD-MSCs/saline; on day 14, these were 4.9 Ѓ} 0.15/ 5.7 Ѓ} 0.23/ 9.1 Ѓ} 0.30 points, respectively. Transplantation of esenchymal stromal cells eliminated energy deficiency in ischemic rat brain tissue, reduced metabolic acidosis and oxidative damage to neurons, and had a positive effect on nitric oxide metabolism, but hAD-MSCs were less effective. Conclusions. Transplantation of hWJ-MSCs had a better therapeutic effect than transplantation of hAD-MSCs.

Aim. This study investigates the impact of exogenous gibberellic acid (GA₃) on growth, photosynthetic pigment content, and zinc biosorption by sporophytes of the water fern Salvinia natans at both the initial and final stages of ontogeny. Methods. The ability of S. natans sporophytes to remove zinc from the aquatic environment was assessed by analyzing water samples post-cultivation using a portable Macherey-Nagel PF-12 Plus photometer. Photosynthetic pigments were extracted with 100% acetone and quantified using a Jenway UV-6850 spectrophotometer (UK) at wavelengths of 662, 664, and 440.5 nm, with acetone serving as the control. Results. At both the intensive growth stage and the phase of sorus formation and spore maturation, exogenous GA₃ enhanced fresh and dry biomass accumulation in S. natans sporophytes, increased chlorophyll content, and alleviated the adverse effects of zinc sulfate. These morphological and physiological improvements were more pronounced in mature sporophytes. The study also confirmed the ability of S. natans sporophytes to biosorb zinc ions from the aquatic environment, with zinc uptake in young sporophytes increasing by 10% upon GA₃ application. Conclusions. During its intensive growth phase, S. natans effectively removes zinc compounds from water, demonstrating its potential for phytoremediation. Exogenous GA₃ (10⁻⁶ M) mitigates the toxic effects of zinc (10 mg L⁻¹), enhancing growth and photosynthetic pigment content. Observable phenotypic changes in response to zinc toxicity further suggest that S. natans could serve as a bioindicator of water pollution.

By producing a variety of soluble factors, including cytokines, macrophages (Mph) modulate the activity of other immune cells and have direct effects on cancer cells. This makes Mph a promising target for cancer immunotherapy. Aim. This work purposed to study the effect of the simultaneous use of B. animalis and the lectin of B. subtilis on the production of some cytokines by Mph in tumour -bearing mice. Materials and methods. Female Balb/c mice bearing solid Ehrlich adenocarcinoma (SEA) were treated with the lectin (s/c, 1 mg/kg body weight) or B. animalis (per os, 7×105 CFU/mouse) or with their combination. The lectin was isolated from the cultural fluid of B. subtilis ІМV В-7724. Lyophilized cells of B. animalis subsp. lactis BB-12 (Lek Pharmaceuticals, Slovenia) was used as a probiotic. On day 28 of tumour growth, Mph from the peritoneal cavity (pMph) and tumour nodule (tMph) were isolated and analyzed for TNF-α and IL-10 production. Results. The pMph and tMph of untreated mice produced low levels of TNF-α (739.8 and 800.4 pg/mL respectively) and high levels of IL-10 (1169.8 and 1090.5 pg/mL respectively), the TNF-α/IL-10 ratio was 0.68 and 0.95 respectively. The lectin improved the TNF-α/IL-10 ratio to 1.13 (in the intact mice, it was 1.11). In the combined group, the effect was similar but less profound. The results of the B. animalis group did not differ from the untreated SEA group. Conclusions. The changes in the production levels of cytokines indicate the lasting preservation of Mph functional activity in the tumour -bearers due to the influence of probiotics or their metabolites.

Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) facilitate efficient biomolecule delivery with low immunogenicity and cytotoxicity, making them ideal for in vivo drug delivery. Heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor (HB-EGF), a ligand of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), is overexpressed in tumors and can promote angiogenesis. Doxorubicin (DOX), a chemotherapeutic, treats various cancers but has limited use with HB-EGF as a carrier. Aim. In this study we focused on the HB-EGF’s potential in enhancing DOX delivery and antitumor effects. Methods. Recombinant sHB-EGF was expressed in E. coli, purified by IMAC, and loaded with DOX with further dialysis of the complex from unbound antibiotics. Binding to cell surfaces (A431, 3T3, Vero), as well as ROS production using DCFH-DA, were analyzed by flow cytometry. Cell viability was assessed with MTT assays after 48 h. Results: sHB-EGF fluorescent derivatives effectively bound to A431 cells, enhancing DOX delivery to squamous-cell carcinoma and significantly reducing cell viability. Conclusions: HB-EGF efficiently delivers DOX into cells, suggesting its potential as a targeted drug carrier for EGFR/ErbB-1 overexpressed cancers.

Aim. The study is focused on determining the effect of the ligand S-ethylthiosulfanylate on protein targets involved in the synthesis of biosurfactants and evaluating their potential interaction. Materials and Methods. A reverse docking approach was employed to investigate the interaction of a single ligand with 8 protein targets. Molecular docking was performed using AutoDock Vina with the Vina scoring function. The preparation of the ligand and protein targets was carried out using AutoDockTools from the MGLTools package. Visualization of the results was accomplished using ChimeraX and BIOVA Discovery Studio. Results. Docking the ligand with 8 protein targets enabled the identification of three promising targets — 3RKY, 2B4Q, and 8IK2 — with affinities lower than –5,5 kcal/mol. Predominantly, hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions were observed, indicating the stability of ligand binding within the active sites of these proteins. Conclusion. The study confirmed the effectiveness of reverse docking for identifying potential protein targets, demonstrating that the ligand can influence biosurfactant biosynthesis through specific interactions with proteins 3RKY, 2B4Q, and 8IK2.

The biological effects of fruits from different cultivars of the cornelian cherry under diabetes mellitus remain unclear. Aim. This study was purposed to investigate the effect of fruit extracts from various cultivars of Cornus mas L. on primary biomarkers of oxidative stress. Materials and Methods: oxidative stress metabolites in erythrocytes were assessed by measuring the level of lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation products. Results. The administration of C. mas and C. mas × C. officinalis hybrids fruit extracts to diabetic rats significantly reduced oxidative stress metabolite levels in erythrocytes. Conclusions: сornelian cherry fruit extracts are perspective drugs that help inhibit oxidative stress development in erythrocytes under diabetic conditions.

Hydrogen sulfide donors can protect the gastric mucosa from nimesulide damage, but their combined effect is unknown. Aim. The work purposed to determine the concentration of peroxynitrites (ONOO-), nitrites (NO2-), and malondialdehyde (MDA) in the periodontal soft tissues of rats under the conditions of administration of nimesulide and NaHS during systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) modeling. Materials and methods. Thirty sexually mature male Wistar rats were divided into groups: I – control, II – intraperitoneal injection with 0.4 μg/kg of bacterial lipopolysaccharide S.typhi (SIRS group), III – 18 mg/kg/day nimesulide gavage during SIRS, IV group – 5 mg/kg/day NaHS injection during SIRS, V group – NaHS and nimesulide administration during SIRS. We studied concentrations of ONOO- and NO2- and MDA. Results and Discussion. During SIRS, ONOO- concentration in soft periodontal tissues increased by 1.12 times, NO2- by 7.02 times, and MDA by 4.51 times compared to the control (P < 0.05). Nimesulide lowers ONOO- content by 1.04 times, NO2- by 1.22 times, and MDA by 1.5 times compared to the SIRS group (P < 0.05). NaHS lowers NO2- by 11.79 times and MDA by 1.46 times compared to the SIRS group (P < 0.05). The combination of NaHS and nimesulide increases ONOO- content by 1.4 times, lowers NO2- content by 6.7 times, and MDA by 1.36 times compared to the SIRS group (P < 0.05). Conclusions. The combination of nimesulide and NaHS lowers the intensity of lipid peroxidation in soft periodontal tissues during SIRS modeling.