International students are a significant resource for countries in supplying qualified young individuals who are essential for innovation and growth. For this reason, there has been competition between industrialised and several rapidly industrialising countries to attract and retain highly qualified international students. To our knowledge, this paper represents the first register evidence-based study to estimate the level of brain drain to Türkiye of non-return international tertiary graduates. Higher education graduation data and employment data of international tertiary graduates were integrated by using anonymised personal foreign identity numbers in the Education-Employment database of the Turkish Statistical Institute. The integrated dataset represents the entire universe of international graduates in Türkiye. According to the results, 6,484 individuals out of 79,234 international students who graduated from universities in Türkiye between 2012-2021 continued their working life in Türkiye. Thus the average brain gain rate of Türkiye was estimated as 8.2 per cent. The departments with the highest brain gain rate were medicine, nursing and midwifery. Graduates from the top-ranked universities such as Boğaziçi, Istanbul Technical and Yildiz Technical universities demonstrated higher retention rates compared to other universities.

This paper examines the differentiating effects of increasing socio-political risk on international tourism in emerging countries after 2013. In the recent high-risk period, the world faces not only financial but also socio-political challenges. The study demonstrates the effects of specific socio-political based uncertainty on tourism demand by using Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition analysis. This method provides the premise place of this study in the literature. The findings suggest that the increase in socio-political uncertainty in the post-2013 period acts as a decelerator in the number of tourist arrivals in emerging countries between 2013 and 2017. Therefore, although the incentives in the global market dramatically expand in the post-2013 period, the increasing socio-politic uncertainty world-wide has a large-scale negative impact on tourism demand in emerging countries.

This paper provides a new characterization of Expected Scott-Suppes Utility Representation (ESSUR). ESSUR combines the Expected Utility Representation with the Scott-Suppes Utility Representation (ESSUR). The latter represents semiorders that formalize preferences with intransitive indifferences. Surprisingly, their characterization does not involve any separability axiom, which is essential for numerical representations of preferences on uncountable sets. Candeal and Indurain (2010) were the first to provide a characterization of SSUR on uncountably infinite sets employing a semiorder separability axiom. In this paper, we identify the axioms required on top of those of Candeal and Indurain (2010) in order to obtain a linear Scott-Suppes utility representation, i.e., another characterization of ESSUR.

We investigate the effects of the exam mode change -from paper-based to computer-based-on PISA on students' exam performance. This change took place in 2015 in 57 countries, while 15 countries continued to take the paper-based PISA. Using this change and the difference-indifferences estimation method, we find that the computer-based format reduced Turkish students' math, science and reading scores by 28.85, 29.52, and 39.975 points which correspond to a 5.9 percent decrease in math and science, and 8.1 percent decrease in reading scores compared to the average scores in OECD countries in the corresponding fields, respectively. We also investigate the heterogeneity of our results by gender and computer possession and show that there is no differential effect except a significantly negative impact for males in reading tests.

Much empirical evidence indicates that real exchange rates display hump-shaped dynamics.However, modern open-economy models hardly predict this behavior.In this paper, we develop a small open-economy model by extending the habit persistence parameter.This model helps us to understand real exchange rate dynamics in response to a persistent monetary policy shock under alternative monetary policy rules in an incomplete market with a risk-sharing wedge.Results indicate that incorporating a higher habit persistence parameter into the model helps replicate the hump-shaped dynamics of real exchange rates under the standard and inertial Taylor Rules.The same analyses are repeated featuring an incomplete market with portfolio adjustment cost, yielding similar results except in initial periods to previous analyses for the standard Taylor rule.

This study is based on a data set published in the 2013 Turkey Demographic and Health Survey. The ordered logit econometric model is applied to examine the effects of the fertility preferences of women on their electoral participation. The results indicate that the number of children a woman has is negatively related to her electoral participation. The results also show that compared with women who had an additional child under six years and women who had an additional child between nine and thirteen years, women who had an additional child between six and nine years were less likely to vote. The estimation results indicate that married, educated, and high-income women are more likely to vote. These results also show that married women are more likely to vote when their income level increases. The estimation results also indicate that higher wealth status and educational attainment increase the electoral participation of women who have at least one child who is six years or younger. Moreover, the results indicate that the electoral participation of older women having a child at six years or younger is lower.

Many researchers have studied the ability of clusters to promote innovation, regional economic development, and national prosperity; however, these studies had been mostly conducted at the cluster level, not at the firm level. This study attempts to bring the cluster discourse back to the firm by answering the following research question: how do firms create and defend competitive advantages through clusters? The theoretical model presumes positive relationships between several constructs and firm performance, namely, business ties, support ties, entrepreneurial orientation and strategic learning capability. Furthermore, these relationships are supposed to be enhanced by the moderating effect of the cluster construct. The Partial Least Squares path model analysis of data from 160 surveyed firms located in nine Turkish clusters revealed that only entrepreneurial orientation and support ties contributed significantly and positively to firm performance.

The main aim of the study is to investigate the prevalent personal values of working Generation Y'ers in Turkey. With this objective, the Schwartz Values Survey has been adapted and a new values scale specific to Generation Y'ers is developed. Furthermore, the relationships of those prevalent personal values with other variables such as the level of religious commitment and gender are investigated. Data collected from 361 respondents reveal that "independence" (freedom, justice, self-respect, privacy) and "trust" (sincerity, honesty, true friendship) value dimensions are rated as the most important. The "tradition" (obedience, devotion, honoring the elders) value dimension which is rated as the least important is found to be highly associated with religious commitment. Taking into consideration the size, purchasing power and business status of Gen Y'ers, the study is expected to provide implications for businesses and social scientists especially from the marketing, management, psychology and sociology fields.