Purpose This study investigated COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among members of the Islamic Defenders Front (FPI) during the 2020-2022 pandemic through Michel de Certeau's conceptual lens of "making do" (la perruque) and everyday tactics. Method Employing historical methods—including source criticism and oral history—primary sources were collected through interviews with FPI members from grassroots levels to field commanders, supplemented by analysis of social media narratives and contemporary news reports. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis informed by de Certeau's framework. Result/Findings The findings revealed that vaccine decisions made up tactical maneuvers rather than mere ideological rejection. Conditional acceptance—choosing Moderna over Sinovac, awaiting MUI fatwas, or complying only when workplace requirements demanded—exemplifies de Certeau's concept: practices that appear compliant while preserving autonomy. Active refusal manifested through creative circumvention, such as avoiding vaccine-mandated public transportation or sustaining alternative narratives amid official campaigns. The absence of clear directives from Habib Rizieq Shihab created space for diverse individual tactics. Conclusion This study concluded that FPI members "make do" by negotiating state authority using conditional compliance and active circumvention. This transformation causes public health interventions go beyond correcting disinformation and instead address the cultural frameworks and systemic skepticism that underpin these individual moves

Abstract PurposeThis article aims to reveal how mimicry, as a strategy of imitating colonial culture, is reflected in the short story Al-Maliku an-Najjār by Kamel Kaylani, particularly in four main aspects: knowledge, livelihood, worldview, and lifestyle.MethodThis study employs a descriptive qualitative approach, with data collection conducted through literature review and text analysis. The data were analyzed using the Miles and Huberman method, which includes data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. The corpus of this study is the short story Al-Maliku an-Najjār by Kamel Kaylani, based on the edition published by the Hindawi Foundation in 2013. This article adopts one of the postcolonial concepts introduced by Homi K. Bhabha, namely mimicry.Results/FindingsThe findings of this study indicate that in the aspect of knowledge, the main character, Batrus, imitates Western scientific methods and ways of thinking to acquire technical skills in shipbuilding. In terms of livelihood, Batrus disguises himself as an ordinary worker and adopts the work ethic typical of the working class. Regarding worldview, a dilemma emerges between colonial modernity and indigenous cultural identity. Meanwhile, in terms of lifestyle, Batrus adapts to the habits of the working class as a form of social adaptation.ConclusionMimicry in Al-Maliku an-Najjār is not merely passive imitation but a complex adaptation strategy that creates space for new identities. While it reflects colonial dominance, mimicry also provides an opportunity for the colonized subject to engage in subtle cultural resistance.KeywordsMimicry, postcolonial, Kamel Kaylani, Al-Maliku an-Najjār

PurposeThis research aims to examine female masculinity as portrayed by Charlie's Angels' main female characters named Jane Kano. Women are frequently portrayed as weak and powerless. Gender stereotypes that distinguish between men and women based on their perceived masculinity and femininity are responsible for this. MethodThis research uses a qualitative descriptive method to analyze scenes and dialogue in the movie that portrayed female masculinity. This research presents a portrayal of female masculinity in the movie based on Judith Halberstam's concept of female masculinity. Results/findingsThis research found that there are 4 out of 5 indicators of female masculinity in the film Charlie's Angels which are depicted through the character Jane Kano. An indicator of female masculinity that is often shown by Jane Kano is male mimicry. ConclusionThis film concludes that the masculinity of its women through physical appearance, behavior and language. This film displays female masculinity as a form of resistance to traditional gender norms.

PurposeThis research aims to provide an in-depth analysis of the Islamic outreach efforts of Muhammadiyah, one of Indonesia's largest Islamic organizations, as documented in the magazine Bintang Islam during the years 1924-1927. MethodThe study employs a historical method comprising four stages: heuristic, verification, interpretation, and historiography. Primary sources primarily include issues of Bintang Islam from 1924-1927, supported by relevant secondary sources such as books and journals. These sources were critically examined for authenticity, interpreted, and then synthesized into a historical reconstruction during the historiographical phase. The analysis integrates approaches from sociology of mass communication and hermeneutics, emphasizing an analytical-descriptive framework. FindingsThe findings reveal that Bintang Islam, founded by Muhammadiyah, served as a representation of Islamic press. Its establishment signified the continuity of modernism influenced by the Dutch East Indies and the impact of Islamic ideologies introduced by pilgrims, scholars, and the reformist ideas of Jamaluddin Al-Afghani, Muhammad Abduh, and Rashid Rida. Within Bintang Islam, Muhammadiyah figures articulated their da’wa thoughts, including efforts to counter Christianization, advocacy for renewal (tajdid), enjoining good and forbidding evil (amar ma'ruf nahi munkar), and excerpts on international da’wa activities. Conclusion In conclusion, Muhammadiyah's da’wah through Bintang Islam represents its response to widespread evangelization efforts, particularly in Java, addressing the decline in Muslim practices due to superstitions, innovations, and un-Islamic practices. It also served as a catalyst for enhancing religious, social, economic, and political awareness.

Purpose This study aimed to analyze the readability of Google Translate (GT) and Yandex Translate (YT) translation results on dialogue texts containing cultural terms from the book Antologi Cerita Anak Indonesia (ACAI). This study evaluated the effectiveness of the Neural Machine Translation (NMT) approach in GT and the Hybrid Machine Translation (HMT) approach in YT in conveying text meanings clearly and comprehensibly to readers.Method This research employed a cloze test involving 28 participants aged 18-24 years, along with a questionnaire to assess user preferences regarding GT and YT translation results. Text readability was analyzed using the Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level and Gunning Fog Index to measure the linguistic complexity of the translations.Results/Findings The study results show that GT's readability reaches 81.1%, while YT's readability is 74.5%, both categorized as the independent level according to Rankin & Culhane's (1969) criteria. Additionally, 80% of the 20 questionnaire respondents stated that GT's translations were clearer than those of YT. Analysis using the Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level and Gunning Fog Index shows that the readability level of GT and YT translations is classified as advanced suitable for readers with a minimum education level equivalent to a bachelor's degree.Conclusion This study showed that GT has a higher readability level than YT, which might be because of its use of NMT, producing more natural sentence structures. Meanwhile, YT, which also relied on SMT, translates based on statistical patterns, making its translations more rigid. Although both systems could produce comprehensible translations, they still struggled with accurately translating cultural terms without additional context. Therefore, human involvement remained essential to improving accuracy and contextual appropriateness in machine translation.

PurposeThis study aimed to explore the optimalization of pilgrimage tradition by integrating social and economic empowerment and the use of technology to enhance spiritual experience, cultural resilience, and their role in strengthening social cohesion. MethodThe study employed a literature review and a theoretical analysis on the concepts of pilgrimage, cultural resilience, and religious tourism in the context of modernization and technology. This study used multi-dimensional approach to analyze the modernization of pilgrimage tradition. Here, this research used the digital technology, while maintaining its spiritual essence and socio-cultural resilience. FindingsThe Findings of the study showed that the pilgrimage tradition and religious tourism can have some contributions. They are empowering local economies through community-based management, strengthening cultural resilience by preserving traditional values, and using technology to improve an accessibility into the quality of spiritual experiences. Additionally, pilgrimage serves as a social interaction platform that fosters harmony in multicultural societies. ConclusionThe optimization of religious tourism supports not only local economic growth, but also cultural preservation, national character building, and the maintenance of social harmony in Indonesia, while preserving its spiritual essence.

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to analyze the dynamics of Lampung's pepper trade in regional and international networks in the 16th to 18th centuries with three focuses: Lampung's position in the Nusantara shipping routes, the pepper production system in Lampung, and Lampung's pepper trade network. MethodThis study used the historical method, which consists of four stages: heuristics (collecting historical sources), external and internal source criticism, interpretation, and historiography (writing history). The data sources used were local and foreign sources to explain the focus of the study. Results/FindingsThe results found that Lampung had an important role in developing the maritime trade network due to its strategic location on the Nusantara shipping route, especially after the Portuguese controlled the port of Malacca in 1511. Following this situation, Banten became a major international pepper port city in the Sunda Strait. The primary source of pepper was from Lampung. This activity formed four trade networks between Lampung and Banten, Palembang, Batavia (Netherlands) and Bengkulu (UK). Before the second half of the 17th century, the network was stronger with Banten and Palembang, but afterward, it shifted under the influence of Batavia and Bengkulu. All parties used all possible ways to get the Lampung pepper. ConclusionThis study shows that Lampung pepper was a significant factor driving Lampung's history and contribution to regional and international trade networks over two centuries.

This study examined the Majaz Isti'arah contained in the Qurán Surah (Q.S) Al-Baqarah accord-ing to the Perspective of Balaghah Science. Majaz isti'arah wasa part of the majaz lughawi which discussed the use of a word that was not in its real sense. The study relied on verbal data in the form of Quranic verses taken from Q.S Al-Baqarah through carefully reading to identify Majaz isti'arah. The identified Majaz isti'arah were qualitatively in accordance with Balaghah science perspective. It was done by balaghah scholars to get the most appropriate interpretation. The study found out that in Q.S. Al-Baqarah has 19 verses of Majaz Isti'arah. They were distribut-ed into Majaz Isti'arah tasrihiyah with nine verses, namely Q.S. Al-Baqarah (2): 7, 16, 41, 49, 138, 143, 168, 175, 187, and Isti'arah makniyah with nine verses, namely Q.S. Al-Baqarah (2): 9, 27, 74, 81, 93, 250, 256, 257, 259; Isti'arah thaba'iyyah there with 15 verses, namely In Q.S. Al-Baqarah (2): 7, 16, 27, 41, 49, 74, 81, 93, 143, 168, 175, 187, 250, 257, 259; Isti'arah Tamstsili-yah, with two verses, namely, Q.S. Al-Baqarah (2): 138, 266; and Isti'arah ashliyah with two verses, namely Q.S. Al-Baqarah (2): 138, 256. The data illustrates the existence of the isti'arah majaz which cannot be separated in understand-ing the Qur'an in particular. Q.S. Al-Baqarah. Therefore, this study suggests the need to explore the science of balaghah and further research on other suras in the Qur'an.

This paper aimed to reveal the government administration system's distinction in finance and justice that existed in the Umayyad. The Umayyad had the right side in improving government administration, finance, economy, and justice. To what extent was the reform and distinction of government administration, finance, and judiciary pursued by the Umayyad that led to society's benefit besides the atrocities he had ever made? The researchers conducted a library study with a descriptive analysis approach, collected sources, verified, and interpreted the policies and updates made by the Umayyad. The study showed the Umayyad had made distinctions and reforms that brought about a lot of benefits. Although they seemed the duplication of Persian and Roman governments, financial administration policies still referred to Islamic rules and were not influenced by Rome and Persia. The most significant reform was establishing the Mazalim Court separated from the ordinary judiciary. The perpetrators of this crime were not ordinary people but state officials handled directly by the caliph and judges who could act reasonably and act decisively. A vast area of neat administration supported the economic activity, and along with Islamic law, the Umayyad did not exercise a monopoly. However, this government lasted shortly for 90 years (661-750 AD) because of the power succession policy, the ruler's lifestyle, fanaticism, and political opponents' attack.