Increasing poultry populations and the use of conventional antibiotics to maintain the health of livestock and animal products have led to the development and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), a global public health concern. The pattern of antibiotic use and misuse in broiler farming can be an implication of the emergence of various types of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and their spread among animals, humans, and the environment. The purpose of this literature review is to analyse the hazards associated with antibiotic use on broiler farms, the risk of antimicrobial resistance, and the potential consequences for animal, human and environmental health. In general, the negative impacts of antibiotic residues on human health include toxicological, microbiological and immunopathological hazards and economic impacts. Meanwhile, the impact of excessive use of antibiotics in livestock can lead to a weaker immune system, cause dysbacteriosis, the occurrence of secondary diseases or infections, residues in poultry products, and antibiotic resistance to pathogens. Furthermore, the overuse of antibiotics on broiler farms can result in pollution to the environment surrounding the farms that is distributed into soil, water, and plants. Therefore, effective mitigation of the risks associated with the extensive use of antimicrobials on broiler farms and management of AMR issues is essential, and requires a multidisciplinary integrated approach, such as the One Health approach to achieve optimal health and welfare outcomes and emphasize the interconnectedness between humans, animals and the environment.

Rhinitis is an upper respiratory tract disorder in cats that involves irritation and inflammation of the nasal mucosa. Cats suffering from rhinitis may exhibit various clinical signs, such as sneezing, coughing, fever, respiratory distress (either in the form of rapid or slow breathing), nasal discharge, hypersalivation, excessive tearing, and lymph node swelling. This article aims to identify the results of anamnesis, clinical signs, and supporting examination findings in a feline case to determine the diagnosis and evaluate the provided therapy. The case subject is a 6-year-old cat named Kumeng, weighing 3.4 kg, with a tabby coat and local breed. The cat has been experiencing symptoms such as sneezing, nasal discharge, and difficulty breathing for the past five months. Physical examination revealed nasal discharge. Supporting examination findings, such as X-rays, showed no changes in the lower respiratory tract but nasal examination show increased opacity, and hematological results were normal. However, bacterial isolation from the nasal discharge identified the presence of four bacteria: Staphylococcus sp., Bacillus sp., Proteus sp., and Micrococcus sp. Cytological examination of the discharge also showed the presence of inflammatory neutrophil cells. The treatment provided included doxycycline hyclate at 10 mg/kg body weight q24h for 14 days, the anti-inflammatory methylprednisolone at 0.5 mg/kg body weight q24h for 7 days, the mucolytic bromhexine HCl at 1 mg/kg body weight q24h, and a multivitamin tablet q24h. On the 14th day after treatment, the frequency of sneezing in the cat was reduced, and the nasal discharge became more watery and clear.

Colibacillosis is a disease caused by pathogenic Escherichia coli bacteria. Infected piglets experience weight loss, stunted growth and if not treated immediately will cause death. A 16-day-old Landrace piglet died with clinical signs of weakness and yellowish white diarrhoea for 4 days. The farmer's population was 25 pigs. Epidemiology showed morbidity of 8%, mortality of 4%, and case fatality rate of 50%. Anatomical pathology examination revealed distended intestines with bleeding and hyperaemic lungs. Bacterial culture of lung and intestinal organs showed positive results of gram-negative Escherichia coli bacteria. The results of parasitological examination of native, sedimentation and floating methods were negative for protozoan and helminth infections. Histopathology showed congestion, haemorrhage and neutrophil-dominated inflammatory cell infiltration in the intestines and lungs, while the brain, heart and liver were congested. Based on all laboratory examination results, the case pig was diagnosed with colibacillosis. Improved sanitation and biosecurity of the barn and barn environment needs to be routinely carried out.

Scabiosis is a zoonotic skin disease of cats caused by the Notoedres cati mite. The purpose of this article is to provide information about the causes and effects of scabiosis infection caused by Notoedres cati mites and its treatment. Kuni cat had clinical symptoms of itching or pruritus for one month. Clinical examination found lesions such as hyperkeratosis, alopecia accompanied by erythema, ulcers, and crusts on the head, ears, neck, front legs, and tail. The results of the supporting examination using the superficial skin scraping method found the presence of Notoedres cati. Hematological examination results showed an increase in white blood cell count (leukocytosis) and a decrease in red blood cells resulting in anemia. Based on anamnesis, clinical examination, and supporting examination, the case cat was diagnosed with scabiosis accompanied by leukocytosis and normochromic normocytic anemia. The case cat was given causative therapy in the form of ivermectin as much as 0.04 mL subcutaneously with two administrations in a 14-day interval. Symptomatic therapy was given diphenhydramine HCI subcutaneously as much as 0.16 mL with two administrations in 14-day intervals and Chlorpheniramine maleate as much as ½ tablet every 12 hours, for 14 days orally. Supportive therapy given is fish oil soft gel once a day orally for 14 days. In addition, topically by bathing the cat twice a week using sulfur soap and blood enhancer sangobion capsules once a day orally for 14 days. After treatment for two weeks the case cat experienced healing characterized by the disappearance of pruritus and lesions such as hyperkeratosis, alopecia accompanied by erythema, and ulcers. Things that must be considered in preventing scabiosis infection in cats are not releasing cats and keeping cats clean by bathing cats twice a month.

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a disorder in the body due to high blood sugar levels resulting in cell insensitivity to insulin. The high incidence of DM cases and the impact that can be caused both physically and psychologically make sufferers need to understand DM treatment with the aim of reducing symptoms and preventing complications or death. One non-pharmacological efforts that can be made is autogenic relaxation therapy. The aim of this research is to review and synthesise the findings of existing research on the effect of autogenic relaxation on blood glucose levels in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The research method used is systematic review. The article search used 3 databases, namely Google Scholar, Cochrane Library, and PUBMED, so that 14 relevant articles were obtained for further review. The results of the 14 articles showed that autogenic relaxation is one of the nonpharmacological therapies that can reduce blood glucose levels in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The conclusion in this study is that there is an effect of providing autogenic relaxation on blood glucose levels, with decrease of about 20 mg/dl to 100 mg/dl. It is hoped that autogenic relaxation can be used as an alternative to reduce KGD and avoid complications in people witH DM in the family environment and health facilities.

Newcastle Disease (ND) is a highly contagious disease with a high mortality rate, showing clinical symptoms such as loss of appetite, lethargy, and diarrhea. Viral diseases are generally accompanied by a secondary infection, namely parasites. Toxicosis is a parasitic disease that causes problems and losses to chicken farms, and attacks the digestive tract in chickens. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct an examination in each laboratory to get a definitive diagnosis. In this case study, the methods of anatomical pathology examination, hispathology preparation, HA-HI examination, bacterial identification, and stool examination were used qualitatively. The results of the anatomical pathology examination found pathonomic lesions, namely ptekie in the ventricles and proventricles, hemorrhagic lungs, multifocal ulcers and ptekies in the intestines, spleen hemorrhage, renal hemoragi.

Leukocytes, are a crucial component of the immune system, protecting the body from infections such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites. This study aims to determine the histological structure of granulocyte white blood cells—basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils—in young and adult Sumbawa horses. Blood samples were taken from 10 young and 10 adult Sumbawa horses, and histology preparations were made using eosin and methylene blue staining (MDT IndoReagen®). The histological examination and cell counts were conducted using an Olympus CX33 microscope, and data were analyzed with the T-test. The results showed that the histological structure of granulocyte leukocyte in both young and adult Sumbawa horses consisted of round cells with visible cytoplasm and nucleus. Neutrophils have 3-5 lobes with highly variable nucleus shapes and pale pink cytoplasm. The mean number of neutrophils in young Sumbawa horses was 34.20 ± 5.613%, while in adults it was 54.00 ± 6.324%. Eosinophils have a nucleus with two segmented lobes and very clear purplish-red granules in the cytoplasm. The number of eosinophils in young Sumbawa horses was 10.90 ± 2.726%, higher than in adults at 4.10 ± 1.595%. Basophils have very clear purplish-blue granules, with one nucleus filling almost the entire cytoplasm. The mean number of basophils in young Sumbawa horses was 0.20 ± 0.421%, and in adults, it was 0.10 ± 0.316%. In conclusion, the histological images of granulocyte leukocyte in Sumbawa horses show very clear granules, with the number of neutrophils young horses being lower than in adults and eosinophils being higher in young horses than in adults (P<0.05). However, there was no significant difference in the number of basophils (P>0.05). Further research is needed to compare the histology and agranulocyte white blood cell counts in Sumbawa horses to obtain more comprehensive information.

Anestrus is a condition in female animals that do not show symptoms of estrus for a long period of time. Anestrus is a frequent cause of infertility in cows. Gamal leaves in the cow's rumen are expected to optimize the fermentation process so that they can increase volatile fatty acids (VFA). The expected total VFA product increases the propionate ratio. Increasing the propionate ratio has an effect on increasing gluconegenesis in the liver, resulting in an increase in blood glucose. This study aims to determine the impact of administering gamal leaf blocks on blood glucose levels of Bali cattle experiencing anestrus. This research used 6 anestrus Bali cattle as objects selected using purposive sampling. The six cows were given block treatment for 2 weeks. After sampling was carried out on the 10th day after treatment and the 20th day after treatment, the results showed that administering a gliricidia leaf block for 14 days had no significant effect on increasing blood glucose levels in anestrus Bali cattle.

The increase in demand for milk has not been matched by the level of milk production. One effort to increase the amount of milk production is by increasing the number of milk-producing livestoc. Peranakan Etawa (PE) goat is a superior type of goat that has the potential to be kept as dairy goats and beef goats. This study aims to determine the quality of PE goat milk in the Kulon Progo area, Yogyakarta. Sampling was carried out in the Samigaluh District, Kulon Progo Regency, Yogyakarta. Goat milk samples were taken from 10 farmers in the amount of 13 milk samples from 13 PE goats. Milk quality testing includes acid degree, fat content, and Total Plate Count (TPC) tests. The test results found that the average acid degree was 6.88 °SH, fat content was 5.6%, and the TPC value was less than 5.6x104 CFU/ml. The quality of goat milk based on acid degree, fat content, and TPC tests is known to be appropriate and suitable for consumption according to SNI 3141.1:2011 and Thai Agricultural Standard (TAS) Number 6006-2008. Farmers are required to pay attention to aspects of livestock maintenance management, including feed management, cage sanitation, and milking processes.

Mimosine is a toxic substance contained in Leucaena leucocephala leaves. The toxic effects of mimosine can disrupt several tissues and organs, especially the kidneys. This study aims to determine the histopathology of white rat kidney exposed to mimosine with different doses. Male white rats with Wistar strain, 2 months old and 300-350 g body weight were being used in this study. The 20 rats used were divided into four treatment groups, namely P0 (negative control), P1 (positive control, given standard mimosine 15 mg/head/day), P2 given leucena leaf simplisia at a dose of 50 mg/head/day orally, P3 given leucaena leaf simplisia at a dose of 150 mg/head/day. On the 16th day of necropsy, the skin organs were taken and placed in 10% NBF. After the kidney organs were fixed, histopathology preparations were made using HE staining. Histopathological examination was performed including three lesion variables, namely congestion, bleeding, and inflammation. The severity of the lesions were scored as 0, 1, 2 and 3 respectively for normal, mild, moderate and severe lesions. Data were analyzed using non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis and Mann- Whitney tests. The results of the research showed that the mimosine substance in leucaena leaf simplicia caused some histopathological changes in the kidneys of white rats like congestion, bleeding and inflammation and there was a difference in dose effect for each giving of mimosine from leucaena leaf simplicia, between the dose of 50 mg/head/day and the 150 mg/head/day. Administration of mimosine from leucaena leaf simplicia can cause histopathological changes in the kidneys of white rats and there is an effect of the difference in the dose of mimosine from leucaena leaf simplicia between a dose of 50 mg/head/day and a dose of 150 mg/day. tail/day on changes in kidney pathology of white rats, especially in the form of bleeding and inflammation. With this research, it hoped that in the future further research can be carried out on leucaena leaf simplicia with a longer administration period so that the results obtained are more accurate.