Infantile epileptic spasms syndrome (IES) is a severe form of epileptic encephalopathy in infancy and is often associated with adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes. This article presents a clinical case of a child with cerebral palsy who, despite drug-resistant epileptic spasms, experienced an effective clinical and electroencephalographic response after hormonal therapy. This case highlights the importance of timely diagnosis of IES and early initiation of pathogenetically based treatment.

Vegetables are essential foods, directly related to human health, productivity, and lifespan. Studying the biochemical composition of vegetable products, which depends on numerous factors, including fertilization, is a key component of food security. Therefore, we studied changes in the biochemical composition of vegetable crops from the influence of the introduction of organic (manure) and mineral complex fertilizers in the conditions of Azerbaijan. Organic and complex mineral fertilizers were found to increase yield and product quality. High doses of nitrophoska and nitroammophoska increased dry matter (up to 6%), sugar (up to 11%), and vitamin C (up to 12%) in garlic compared to the control, and increased cauliflower content by 5%, 11%, and 13%, respectively. Adding manure significantly altered sugar accumulation in onions, while garlic showed a tendency to increase it. The studied fertilizers had a significant impact on vitamin C accumulation in garlic and cauliflower. In cabbage heads, dry matter increased in the variants of manure with nitroammophoska mineral fertilizer by 5-8%. In all studied treatments, nitrate levels in vegetables remained within acceptable limits. However, with high fertilizer doses, they were relatively high compared to the control (without fertilizer): 1.6-2 times in cabbage, 1.2-1.6 times in garlic, and an indeterminate change in onions.

Examines criminal law mechanisms for protecting children's rights in the context of the spread of "pharmacy" drug addiction in the Kyrgyz Republic. A SWOT analysis identifies structural conflicts in criminal law and law enforcement practices that hinder the effective protection of minors. The need to transform criminal policy toward prioritizing prevention, victimization, and rehabilitation of minors as victims of drug trafficking is substantiated. This research was conducted under a grant from Osh State University (D.31/24).

This article presents an eco-geographical assessment of the soil cover of the Shurud-Paradash Depression, located in the lowland zone of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic. The main objective of the study is to investigate the eco-geographical conditions of the area and assess the current state of its soils. As a result of comprehensive field and laboratory studies conducted in 2025, 25 soil types were identified in the area, and their morphological, physical, and chemical properties were analyzed. The study used a 100-point bonit scale, classifying soils into five quality groups: the highest rating was given to mountain brown soils (100 points), and the lowest to rocky riverbeds (14 points). The article presents a detailed study of the climatic conditions, hydrology, and landscape structure of the region, emphasizing the problems of degradation and water scarcity. Based on the results of the study, important practical proposals were put forward for the sustainable development of agriculture in the region, such as the restoration of water channels from the Gilanchay, the construction of new reservoirs, the repair of irrigation systems, and the creation of forest belts to combat erosion. This assessment is of strategic importance for both preserving the ecological balance and the socio-economic revival of the area.

This paper describes a set of pedagogical approaches to teaching human anatomy that incorporate elements of both classical theoretical instruction and innovative teaching methods. Educational technologies and the implementation of academic programs across many disciplines are undergoing unprecedented changes, particularly within traditional forms of education in the Kyrgyz Republic. Meanwhile, the foundation for teaching human anatomy remains a comprehensive interdisciplinary approach (utilizing atlases, anatomical preparations, lectures, and seminars), the unity of structure and function, the study of all human body systems through integration with biology and physiology, as well as the active use of interactive resources, flashcards, and digital applications.

This article analyzes historical and legal education as a fundamental component in developing students' legal literacy. It argues that legal literacy cannot be reduced solely to knowledge of current legislation, as it presupposes the development of legal thinking, legal awareness, and the ability to interpret legal norms. The author demonstrates that historical and legal disciplines foster a holistic understanding of law as a dynamic social institution that evolves within social, political, and cultural contexts. Furthermore, the article examines the challenges of contemporary educational practices, such as the formalization of teaching and the reduction of instructional hours, which diminish the quality of legal training. The article proposes strategies for modernizing historical and legal education, focusing on a problem-based institutional approach, interdisciplinary integration, and the implementation of research-based learning. It concludes that historical and legal education should be viewed as a fundamental element in the cultivation of students' legal literacy and legal culture.

This study presents a comprehensive analysis of regulatory and accreditation mechanisms for ensuring the quality of higher medical education in the Kyrgyz Republic in comparison with the standards of the World Federation for Medical Education (WFME). The study examines the functioning of private medical universities in regional settings, taking into account territorial, infrastructural, and physiological adaptation factors. Particular attention is paid to internal quality assurance (QA) systems and their role in institutional sustainability. The analysis demonstrates that formal compliance with accreditation requirements should be complemented by the implementation of measurable performance indicators. The necessity of integrating adaptation-oriented indicators into quality assurance systems is substantiated, especially with regard to international students studying in regional medical universities. The findings highlight that consideration of students’ adaptation potential enhances evidence-based educational management and contributes to the development of sustainable regional medical education centers.

Myocarditis is a focal or diffuse inflammatory lesion of the heart muscle that clinically manifests with symptoms and/or signs of heart failure (HF). It is caused by infectious agents (viruses, bacteria, parasites, protozoa) and non-infectious factors (toxins, poisons, heavy metals, burns, radiation, metabolic disorders, allergens, pesticides, medications), as well as systemic connective tissue diseases (CTDs). Clinically, myocarditis can present in fulminant, subacute, or chronic forms (active or persistent), and also as giant cell or eosinophilic myocarditis. The main pathogenetic mechanisms include the entry of pathogens through portals such as the respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, or genitourinary system; viral penetration into cardiomyocytes; viral replication; disruption of the multiprotein complex within the cell; activation of the inflammasome cascade; apoptosis, necrobiosis, and necrosis of cardiomyocytes; formation of inflammatory cellular infiltration; chemokine and cytokine production; and autoimmune damage to cardiomyocytes, leading to structural and functional remodeling of the heart. Diagnosis of myocarditis is based on anamnesis (acute onset, association with infection), clinical symptoms (dyspnea, palpitations, fever, chest pain), electrocardiographic findings (conduction and/or excitability disturbances), echocardiographic findings (reduced systolic function, chamber dilatation), laboratory tests (leukocytosis, lymphopenia, elevated ESR, increased levels of brain natriuretic peptide, C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, procalcitonin, ferritin, D-dimer, immunoglobulin E), and serological tests (identification of viruses, bacteria, etc.). Additional diagnostic tools include measurements of troponins, lactate dehydrogenase, CK-MB, interleukin-6 titers, myocardial autoantibodies, assessment of CTD activity, and viral load quantification via polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In cases of acute myocarditis, cardiac MRI with gadolinium shows subepicardial and transmural contrast enhancement. The gold standard for diagnosis remains endomyocardial biopsy with light microscopy of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded sections, immunohistochemical analysis, molecular tests (PCR), and transmission electron microscopy. Modern treatment of myocarditis includes etiological and pathogenetic therapy. In the majority of patients, especially in milder cases, myocarditis resolves spontaneously without active intervention, with spontaneous recovery occurring as the infection subsides. Severe and extremely severe cases often progress to post-myocarditic cardiosclerosis, leading to dilated cardiomyopathy and the potential need for heart transplantation. This article presents the results of a clinical case of acute myocarditis in a 38-year-old patient with bilateral pneumonia. The diagnosis of acute myocarditis was established based on medical history, clinical presentation, echocardiographic findings, and laboratory and serological data.

This article analyzes A. Weber's sociology of culture, which occupies a distinct niche within the field of cultural philosophy. The primary focus is on his ideas regarding progress and tragedy in culture. According to A. Weber, culture does not embody the principle of progress, acquiring meaning through the creation of cultural values. In this sense, culture is akin to the image that a person creates through their perception of the world. The purpose of culture, therefore, lies in the ability to elevate and ennoble natural-human actions. This image can be realized at any period in the movement of history, and it is always embodied in being in a specific way, depending on the ability, desire, and opportunity of each period to sense the unity of the fundamental principles of being and man. Identifying culture with symbols of man and being in the image of civilization leads to the denial of a unidirectional line of history. A. Weber recognizes the concept of the fate of history. In each period of history, culture strives to elevate life and refract it into eternity. The task of civilization is to maintain and elevate a cultural image that cannot harbor tragedy. Here, the tendencies of civilization and the goals of culture collide. Progress is possible in civilization as the improvement of intellectually defined forms of human existence.

This article examines the radical restructuring of Kyrgyzstan's agriculture from 1929 to 1934. In 1929, gross output amounted to 180.4 million rubles in trade turnover. By 1930, it had risen to 220.8 million rubles; sown area increased by 46.7% between 1920 and 1930. The growth in industrial crops was particularly significant, almost doubling. From the end of 1929, the mass collectivization of agriculture began: if in 1929 there were 534 collective farms in the republic (with 12,592 farms), then on February 1, 1931 their number increased to 910 (with 60,612 farms), then the area under crops in 1929 occupied 3.3% of the total sown area of ​​the republic, and in 1930 they already constituted 28.4%. In connection with their growth, the marketable output of the collective farms increased, which in 1930 produced about 30% of all marketable grain procured in the republic; the number of state farms increased from 12 in 1929 to 19 in 1930. The transition to total collectivization in Kyrgyzstan officially began in 1929-1930. Unlike in the central regions of the RSFSR, this process was complicated by the tribal structure of society. This process was accompanied by the elimination of the bais as a class. The confiscation of livestock and property from wealthy households (bais and manaps) was intended to create the material basis for collective farms. This pace led to widespread discontent. Resistance culminated in the mass slaughter of livestock to prevent them from falling into state hands. During the First Five-Year Plan, livestock numbers were reduced by more than half. One of the most ambitious goals of the Five-Year Plan was the transition to a sedentary lifestyle. Between 1930 and 1934, tens of thousands of farms were transitioned to a sedentary lifestyle. This transition was carried out using administrative and command methods without proper preparation of housing and feed supplies, leading to high livestock mortality and population migration.