The aim of the article is to identify the external environmental factors that most significantly affect the operations of hospitality enterprises and to conduct a comprehensive assessment of the intensity of their impact on the development of these enterprises. The results of the comprehensive assessment of the intensity of external environmental factors’ impact have shown that the hospitality sector in Ukraine, like any business, develops under the direct influence of a wide range of external factors, some of which are unpredictable. To evaluate the impact of a large number of weakly structured and heterogeneous external environmental factors, a list of factors crucial for maintaining the economic activity of enterprises during a crisis period has been compiled, grouped according to the components of the GETS (government, economy, technology, society) model. To ensure a comprehensive approach to assessing the intensity of external factors’ impact on the development of hotel and restaurant enterprises, a causal network of GETS factors was developed, identifying the characteristics of the industry’s enterprise operations. Based on the own graphical model, the level of influence of each group of external environment factors on the development of hotel and restaurant enterprises in Ukraine in 2024 was evaluated. Considering the need for an integrated analysis of external environment influences, the GETS factor impact intensity index was calculated, the value of which allowed determining the continuous nature of the dynamic development processes inherent in hotel and restaurant enterprises. It is substantiated that some of these processes create new opportunities for business entities, providing favorable conditions for operation and development, while others, conversely, generate additional constraints, risks, and complications for enterprise activities.

Today, pharmaceutical companies aim to speed up the time it takes for drugs to reach the market at minimal cost, increasingly collaborating with contract research organizations (CROs) in all areas, from study design and patient recruitment to regulatory submissions and data management. The aim of this article is to summarize and systematize the stages of development of clinical outsourcing models based on a study of the characteristics of the global CRO market. The article explains the essence of CROs and clinical research sites (CRSs). The factors driving the growth of the global CRO market have been identified: increased research and development funding, a rise in the number of clinical trials, and the expiration of patents for well-known drugs. The phases of clinical trials are analyzed in terms of content, number of participants, duration, cost, and success rate. The risks of clinical trials have been identified, including: significant cost, high dropout rate, considerable duration, and complexity of regulatory acts. Regional features of conducting clinical trials have been considered. The top 10 leaders in the global CRO market in 2024 have been characterized. Models of cooperation between CROs and sponsors have been summarized. The advantages, disadvantages, and examples of applying existing clinical outsourcing models have been determined. The stages of development of clinical outsourcing models have been systematized: from targeted outsourcing to strategic partnership and transformational outsourcing. Current directions for improving CRO activities have been determined. The goal of further research in this direction should be to explore ways to expand cooperation between CROs and leading IT companies regarding the implementation of digital health technologies in working with clinical trial participants and artificial intelligence for managing data during its course.

The article examines the problem of theoretically understanding the internationalization of international business in the context of distinguishing between the concepts of «market entry» and «depth of integration». The aim of the study is to develop a conceptional approach for analyzing the depth of international business integration as an independent analytical dimension of international economic presence. It is substantiated that traditional internationalization models focus mainly on market entry forms and expansion motives, which does not allow for a full assessment of the quality of a company’s integration into the national economy of the host country. The methodological foundation of the study consists of systems analysis, a comparative approach, and the theoretical synthesis of classical internationalization models (the Uppsala models, the OLI eclectic paradigm, and the Born Global approach). Based on the generalization of the provisions of the specified theoretical directions, a four-dimensional structure of the depth of international business integration is proposed, which includes production, innovation-technological, human resources, and institutional dimensions. A system of indicators has been developed for their operationalization, and a typology of integration configurations (surface, production-oriented, innovation-oriented, systemic) has been created. The main outcome of the study is the development of a conceptional framework that establishes the relationship between the mode of market entry, the development of individual dimensions of integration, the type of configuration, and the nature of economic consequences for the host economy. The practical significance of the results obtained lies in the possibility of using the proposed approach to assess the quality of companies’ international presence, as well as to support decision-making in the sphere of State policy to promote international business integration. The proposed conception provides a theoretical foundation for further empirical testing and the development of tools for the strategic selection of integration forms.

The aim of the article is to explore the theoretical and practical aspects of enterprise image management as a tool to enhance the value of its intangible assets, as well as to identify the main approaches and mechanisms for creating a positive image in the context of economic digitalization. By analyzing, systematizing, and synthesizing the scientific works of domestic and foreign researchers, the evolution of approaches to understanding the essence of the enterprise image was examined, and its role within the system of intangible assets was determined. As a result of the study, the primary scientific approaches to defining the enterprise image were summarized, including marketing, psychological, communicative, managerial, and social perspectives, which allowed for revealing its complex nature. The relationship between an enterprise image and the key components of intangible assets, such as business reputation, brand, customer loyalty, intellectual capital, and corporate culture, has been substantiated. It has been determined that a positive image is an important factor in enhancing the enterprise competitiveness, increasing its investment appeal, and creating long-term competitive advantages. It has been proved that in the context of the digital economy, corporate image management is undergoing transformation and requires the use of modern tools, particularly integrated marketing communications, digital branding, and systematic monitoring of the information environment. It has been found that efficient image management not only helps shape a positive perception of the enterprise but also ensures the growth of the value of its intangible assets and the overall improvement of operational efficiency. The prospects for further research in this area include developing methodological approaches for the quantitative assessment of the impact of image on the value of intangible assets, improving tools for image management in the digital environment, as well as studying mechanisms for managing reputational risks and adapting enterprises to the growing role of information technologies and social media.

The article provides a comprehensive examination of the specifics of communicative interaction between volunteer initiatives and the population amid military actions and other major social upheavals. The relevance of the topic is driven by the increasing role of the volunteer movement in Ukraine during the period of full-scale war and the necessity of ensuring efficient, structured, and ethically balanced communication as a key factor in the effectiveness of humanitarian response and the maintenance of social stability. The aim of the study is a thorough analysis of the characteristics of crisis communication by volunteers, the identification of its psychological, informational, behavioral, ethical, and organizational components, as well as the determination of factors affecting the efficiency of interaction with the population under conditions of heightened uncertainty and social tension. In the course of the study, a set of general scientific and specialized methods was employed, including theoretical analysis of scientific sources, systematization of approaches to crisis communication, interdisciplinary analysis of the principles of social psychology, social work theory, and organizational communication, as well as methods of generalization, structural analysis, and interpretation of the practical experience of volunteer initiatives. The study results made it possible to establish that volunteer communication in crisis conditions is complex in nature and serves not only informational but also psychological-regulatory, coordinative, and stabilizing functions. It was demonstrated that the efficiency of interaction largely depends on the level of trust, the structured nature of messages, the adaptability of communication strategies to different social groups, as well as the combination of informational accuracy with emotional support. The key organizational forms of communication have been identified (information points, mobile teams, digital channels, coordination meetings, feedback mechanisms) and the rationale for their integrated application has been substantiated. Based on the conducted analysis, practical recommendations have been formulated to enhance the efficiency of crisis communication, including the development of volunteers’ communication skills, the implementation of structured information protocols, ensuring information accountability, and creating psychological support systems for both the general population and the volunteers themselves.

The aim of the article is to identify current trends in the field of international taxation. The main current trends in international taxation, as noted by experts and international organizations (OECD, IMF, EU, etc.), can be characterized as follows: 1. Combating base erosion and profit shifting (BEPS), particularly focusing on countering aggressive tax planning and the artificial shifting of profits to low-tax jurisdictions, as well as implementing consistent BEPS standards in the legislation of different countries. 2. Tax on the digital economy, that is, the introduction of special taxes for global digital platforms and the harmonization of international approaches to taxing digital services within the framework of negotiations under the OECD. 3. Minimum global corporate tax, namely the introduction of an international rule on the minimum tax rate for multinational corporations. 4. Increased transparency and accountability, which involves mandatory exchange of information about the beneficial owners of companies and financial flows, as well as strengthening requirements for transfer pricing and Country-by-Country Reporting (CbCR). 5. Changes in tax rates, including reviewing their levels in response to economic challenges (recessions, pandemics), as well as the growing role of consumption taxes and other indirect taxes in some countries. 6. Carbon taxes and environmental taxation, namely the introduction or expansion of environmental taxes, which are becoming part of tax policy aimed at reducing the carbon footprint. 7. Property and real estate taxes, that is, the increasing interest in taxing real estate as a tool to address social inequalities and prevent speculation. 8. Tax incentives for R&D investments, specifically the broad application of tax credits and benefits to encourage innovative activities, including research and development as well as green technologies. 9. Digitalization of tax administration, carried out through extensive implementation of electronic data exchange, automated solutions (APIs), and the use of artificial intelligence to detect tax evasion and optimize administration. 10. Incorporation of social and environmental objectives into tax policy, that is, integrating social aspects (combating inequality) and sustainable development principles into fiscal strategies. Overall, current trends in international taxation reflect an effort to combine fiscal efficiency with principles of fairness, transparency, and global responsibility, shaping a new paradigm of tax relations in the world economy.

It has been defined that the current stage of development of the world economy and international relations is characterized by profound transformational processes driven by the rapid development of digital technologies and the strengthening of integration trends. Digitalization is increasingly going beyond being merely a technological phenomenon, transforming into a complex socioeconomic and institutional process that shapes a new architecture of the international space. In the context of globalization, digital transformation becomes a key factor in changing models of production, exchange, governance, and international interaction, while significantly affecting the competitiveness of countries and regions. Digital transformation gains particular importance in the context of European integration, which involves not only economic convergence but also deep institutional, legal, and technological convergence. It has been concluded that the digital transformation of the international space in the context of European integration is a systemic, multi-level, and multi-factor process, shaped by a combination of internal and external determinants and implemented through the complex interaction of theoretical principles and practical institutional mechanisms. In the current context, digitalization ceases to be solely a technological phenomenon and transforms into a strategic tool for deepening European integration, enhancing the competitiveness of economies, and forming a new type of international space. The proposed conceptual model for managing the digital transformation of the international space in the context of European integration demonstrates that the European integration determinants play a decisive role in this process, determining the direction and pace of digital change. Internal determinants, in particular the level of digital maturity, institutional capacity, development of digital infrastructure, innovation potential, and human capital, form the basic readiness of countries for digital transformations. They determine the ability of national systems to adapt to the requirements of the European digital environment and integrate effectively into it. At the same time, external European integration determinants, represented by the regulatory standards of the European Union, the functioning of the European Digital Single Market, and the influence of global technological trends, create the institutional and regulatory framework for digital transformation. These factors, in turn, necessitate the harmonization of national policies, the unification of digital regulatory standards, and the introduction of common rules for the operation of digital markets and platforms.

The article examines the theoretical and methodological foundations as well as the practical aspects of assessing the level of logistical service of motor transport enterprises under martial law conditions. It is shown that in the modern dynamic environment, a key factor of competitiveness is the enterprise’s ability to provide flexible, reliable, and customer-oriented logistics services, adapted to changes in demand, resource constraints, and increased risks. It is noted that most existing methodologies (SERVQUAL, SCOR, DEA, etc.) focus on quantitative or qualitative service indicators, but do not take into account the interconnections between operational and value characteristics, which reduces their practical usefulness for management decisions. The aim of the study is to develop a structured matrix approach to diagnosing the level of logistical service in motor transport enterprises, which allows for a comprehensive consideration of both operational efficiency parameters and consumer evaluations of service value. The proposed model is based on a two-component grouping of indicators: mandatory (operational) – timeliness, completeness, flexibility, and delivery reliability; and value-oriented – quality of communication, staff professionalism, carrier reputation, and service personalization. The constructed two-dimensional matrix «operational efficiency – consumer value» allows visualizing the position of each client, determining their level of satisfaction, and segmenting consumers by loyalty. Within the study, a practical testing of the developed methodology was conducted: a system of indicators was formed, their quantitative calculations were carried out based on the documentary data of a transport company, normalization was performed, and the results were visualized using the «radar method». The obtained results confirmed the analytical efficiency of the model and its suitability for implementation in logistics management practice under martial law conditions. The proposed approach combines quantitative objectivity with qualitative depth of evaluation, enabling enterprises not only to measure service levels but also to develop targeted strategies for their improvement.

The article examines the theoretical and methodological approaches to classifying threats to an enterprise’s economic security in the context of contemporary transformation processes. It is substantiated that traditional threat classifications do not fully reflect the dynamic, complex, and hybrid nature of modern risks driven by globalization, digitalization, innovative development, and increasing socio-environmental challenges. The study applies systemic, structural-functional, and logical-analytical approaches, through which a comprehensive classification of threats to an enterprise’s economic security is developed. Special attention is given to internal threats, which are directly subject to managerial influence and are crucial for ensuring the stability of the enterprise’s operations. It is proposed to introduce a classification criterion based on the enterprise’s areas of activity, covering threats to production, sales, information, personnel, legal, social sectors, and the internal control area. It has been demonstrated that analyzing threats in this way contributes to the development of a more efficient economic security system, as it enables the identification of key sources of negative impact and the creation of efficient preventive and corrective measures aimed at ensuring the operational protection of resources, financial stability, and the strengthening of the enterprise’s competitive position. The practical significance of the results lies in their potential use to improve the information and analytical support of the company’s economic security system, enhance the rationale and quality of managerial decisions, and develop efficient preventive and corrective measures. The proposed threat classification provides an analytical basis for enhancing the resilience and competitiveness of the enterprise and ensuring its sustainable development amid growing uncertainty in both the external and internal environment.

The current operating conditions of domestic enterprises are characterized by instability and are associated with the need to overcome numerous challenges. In such conditions, optimizing business processes is not merely a means to improve operations but becomes essential for survival. It is important for enterprises, on one hand, to meet consumer demands and, on the other, to enhance their own logistics operations, which encourages them to seek ways to improve the organization of logistics activities and to evaluate the feasibility of implementing forms such as logistics outsourcing. The aim of the article is to highlight the impact of an unstable environment on the functioning of domestic enterprises, within which incentives to seek opportunities for business process optimization arise; to conduct an analytical study of indicators characterizing the transport and logistics sector in Ukraine; to identify the prospects of applying logistics outsourcing as a factor in optimizing enterprises’ assortment policy. The article employs the systematization method, as well as structural, dynamic, and variational analysis methods, to organize statistical and analytical data, gain a deeper understanding of processes related to the impact of an unstable environment on enterprise activities, identify development trends in Ukraine’s transport and logistics sector, and consider logistics outsourcing as one of the factors in optimizing assortment policy. The monographic method, combined with the method of logical generalization, allowed determining the impact of logistics outsourcing on the optimization of enterprises’ assortment policy. It has been found that logistics outsourcing has a positive impact on assortment policy. This impact is manifested in overcoming a number of constraints in the formation and management of the product range faced by enterprises that organize logistics on their own. It has been shown that logistics, with a reasonable and balanced approach to the use of logistics outsourcing, becomes a strategic advantage for an enterprise under conditions of instability. The prospects for further research are outlined, which are related to identifying factors that impede the implementation of logistics outsourcing in domestic enterprises.