प्रस्तुत आलेखमा इतिहास अन्तर्विषय बनेर आएका केही प्रतिनिधिमूलक उत्तरवर्ती नेपाली कवितालाई पाठका रूपमा लिई ती कवितामा प्रयुक्त इतिहासपरक अन्तर्विषय विषयअन्तर्गत इतिहासको पुनर्व्याख्या अभिव्यञ्जित भएका कविताहरुको विभिन्न पक्षहरूको विश्लेषण र मूल्याङ्कन गरेर अन्तर्विषयकताको निरूपण गरिएको छ । साठीको दशकयता प्रकाशित कविताकृतिभित्र समावेश भएका इतिहाससँग सम्बद्ध प्रतिनिधिमूलक कविताहरूको चयन गरी ती कवितामा अभिव्यक्त इतिहासको पुनव्र्याख्याको विश्लेषण र मूल्याङ्कन गर्नु यस अनुसन्धान लेखको उद्देश्य हो । अन्तर्विषयक सिद्धान्तका व्याख्याता जुली थम्प्सन क्लेइनको एउटा विषयसँग सम्बद्ध भएर अन्य विषयहरूको प्रवेश हुनु नै अन्तर्विषयकता हो र त्यसले मूल विषयलाई अझ प्रभावकारी बनाउँछ भन्ने सैद्धान्तिक मान्यतालाई आधार बनाई यो लेख सम्पन्न गरिएको छ । यसमा चयनित कविताहरूको विश्लेषणका लागि इतिहासपरकपरक अन्तर्विषयकताका आधारभूत मान्यताहरूलाई सैद्धान्तिक ढाँचाका रूपमा अवलम्बन गरी सोद्देश्यमूलक नमुना छनोट पद्धतिबाट पाठगत तथ्याङ्क सङ्कलन गरी विश्लेषण गरिएको छ । त्यसका निम्ति इतिहासपरक अन्तर्विषयकताअन्तर्गत इतिहासको पुनव्र्याख्यालाई अवधारणात्मक ढाँचाका रूपमा उपयोग गरिएको छ । उत्तरवर्ती नेपाली कवितामा कविताको मूल विषयसँगै आएको इतिहासपरक अन्तर्विषयकताको प्रयोगले कवितालाई विषयगत व्यापकता र वैचारिक गम्भीरता प्रदान गरेको निष्कर्ष यसमा निकालिएको छ ।

Weak organic acids and bases function as pH or common anionic indicators for determining the endpoint in neutralization titrations. Methyl orange, a commonly used indicator, appears red in acidic conditions and yellow in alkaline solutions. In this study, surface and spectroscopic analyses were employed to characterize methyl orange. Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis was conducted to determine its elemental composition, revealing that approximately 66% of the sample consists of carbon, along with about 24% of oxygen, sulfur, sodium, and other elements. The crystalline nature of the sample was confirmed through X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FE-SEM) analysis. Furthermore, Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Spectroscopy identified the presence of amino groups and double-bonded carbon atoms within the aromatic system. Raman spectroscopy, particularly in the 1000–1700 cm-1 range, further validated the findings from FT-IR. This study serves as a significant contribution to the comprehensive characterization of methyl orange.

Punishment practices play a central role in shaping children’s early social, emotional, and behavioral development because, it is estimated that around two-thirds of children are regularly subjected to violent punishment at home, with approximately 1.2 billion experiencing corporal punishment globally. The purpose of this study is to explore mothers’ perception and practices regarding the impact of punishment and reward to change the behaviors of children, and to assess the alternative strategies of punishment in discipline and learning for children. This study employed the narrative inquiry research design under the qualitative method, thirteen mothers of children attending community managed Early Childhood Development (ECD) centers were purposively selected until data saturation. Open-ended interviews were conducted at participants’ homes and ECD centers. Audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed thematically. Trustworthiness was ensured through member checking, cross-checking of coding, audit trails, and reflexivity. The study discovered that mothers in the study area used punishment to control destructive activities and trigger learning, which had negative impacts, while mild or conscious punishment strategies had positive impacts on children’s discipline and learning. Cell phones, chocolate, toys, love and affection can be the alternative strategies of punishment to replace traditional concept of punishment. It is concluded that, while teaching and disciplining children, traditional forms of punishment can be replaced with toys, chocolate, cell phones, love and affection as an alternative strategy of punishment.

प्रस्तुत लेखमा ‘राजयोग र अष्टाङ्ग योगको अन्तर्सम्बन्ध’ योगको छाताका रूपमा रहेको राजयोग र अष्टाङ्ग योगको विस्तृत परिचय दर्साइएको छ । यस लेखलाई गुणात्मक अध्ययन विधि अवलम्बन गरी पूर्णता दिइएको छ । योग सबैको जिज्ञासा र रुझानको विषय भइरहेको वर्तमान समयमा ब्रह्माकुमारी राजयोग र अष्टाङ्ग योगबिचको अन्तर्सम्बन्धलाई उजागर गर्न खोजिएको छ । आजको प्रविधिको युगमा सृष्टिको सर्वाेच्च रचना (मानव जीवन) प्रतिकूल प्रभावले असन्तुलित भइरहेको छ । महाभारतको युद्ध भूमिमा विक्षिप्त, भ्रमित, भयभीत अवस्थामा रहेको अर्जुनको मनस्थिति जस्तै अत्यन्त कारुणिक स्थिति छ । शारीरिक, मानसिक, आर्थिक सामाजिक जस्ता चौतर्फी आयाममा अति कु्रद्ध, विक्षिप्त, रुग्ण व्यथित मनोदशामा रहेको वर्तमान मानवमनलाई पुनः मानवीय क्षमता, धर्मश्रद्धाको विकास अचेतन परिशोधन, सुषुप्त शक्तिको जागरण, एकाग्रता, सङ्कल्पशक्तिलाई प्रस्फुटन गर्नको लागि राजयोग र अष्टाङ्ग योगको अतुलनीय भूमिका छ । राजयोग र अष्टाङ्ग योगको सूक्ष्म भन्दा सूक्ष्म पद्धतिलाई समेत विस्तृत चिरफार गरी भिन्नता अलग्याउनु पनि यस लेखको उद्देश्य हो । धर्म, सम्प्रदाय र क्षेत्रफल भन्दा माथि रहेको योग ध्यानको बारेमा हरेक क्षेत्र, वर्ग, स्तर र उमेरका मानिसहरूले युगानुुकूल योगको सही र सत्य जानकारी प्राप्त गर्नका लागि यो शोधलेखले सेतुको कार्य गर्नेछ भन्ने निष्कर्ष निकालिइएको छ ।

The main purpose of this study was to find out the food-consuming practice of local-level sportsmen in Butwal-12, Rupandehi, Nepal. A descriptive and quantitative research design was used in this research. The respondents who lived in Butwal 12 were the population of this study. The interview schedule was the data collection tool. From the total population, 50 local level sportsmen were selected as the sample size for the study. All the local level sportsmen were included using the census sampling technique. After collecting the data, SPSS version 20 was used for tabulation as well as statistical analysis of the raw data, obtaining tables and percentages of related information. The overall study found that local-level sportsmen had poor knowledge of food-consuming practices and the right consumer behaviour for consumer health, which is also regrettable in Butwal Sub-metropolitan City, Rupandehi.

Solar energy is a renewable source of energy that can be accessed in any geographical place where electricity and other renewable energy sources are inaccessible. In our country, more than half of people still depend on wood, coal, and petroleum for energy, which causes health issues and destroys the environment. Analytical and accurate data related to global solar radiation is essential for harvesting solar energy, which can play an important role in reducing the use of other nonrenewable energy sources. In this study, we calculated Global Solar Radiation (GSR) using the Angstrom-Prescott model, compared it with the measured value using a CMP6 pyranometer, and showed the relation of GSR with some meteorological parameters. The maximum value of GSR was observed on , and the minimum value was on . We have seen a positive correlation of GSR with sunshine duration and air temperature but a negative correlation with relative humidity, rainfall, and atmospheric pressure. Maximum GSR is found in spring and minimum in winter due to fog, minimum sunshine duration, and high maximum relative humidity. Empirical constants and were obtained using Tiwari and Sangeeta models. The accuracy and performance of the applied Angstrom-Prescot model are tested using statistical tools like , , , , , and .

Indigenous technologies as local resources reflect definite practical skills that can be applied in classroom in order to bring real life tasks and activities for the students. This study aims at identifying the locally available indigenous technologies in school level classroom instructions and analyzes the applicability of such technologies in classroom instructions for the development of activity-oriented practical education. Based on qualitative method, the data have been collected through PRA, observation, and semi- structured interview. The collected data have been analyzed by carrying out immersion, understanding, abstraction, synthesis, illumination of phenomena and integration and critique of findings. The key finding of this study shows abundances of locally available technologies that can be applied in classroom instructions and can be implemented for the development of task-based, practical classroom instructions in study area and in general.

प्रस्तुत अनुसन्धानमूलक लेखमा अङग्रेजी कवि टीयस इलियटको संवेदनशीलताको सङ्गठन र विच्छेदन (युनिफिकेसन एन्ड डिसोसिएसन अफ सेन्सिबिलिटी) लाई नेपाली कविताको सापेक्षतामा विवेचना गरिएको छ । इलियटको प्रस्तुत चिन्तनअनुसार यहाँ कवि लक्ष्मीप्रसाद देवकोटाको ज्वरशमना प्रकृति, भूपि शेरचनको हामी र मेरो देश अनि नेत्र एटमको प्रिय बादल शीर्षकका कवितालाई विश्लेषण गरिएको छ । पाश्चात्य साहित्यचिन्तनका सापेक्षतामा नेपाली कविताको विवेचना गर्ने सन्दर्भमा यहाँ आगमन, निगमन र तुलनात्मक शोधविधिको प्रयोग गरिएको छ । विश्लेषणका तहमा गुणात्मक अनुसन्धान विधिलाई प्रयोग गरिएको छ । सामग्रीसङ्कलनका लागि इलियटको निबन्धलाई अध्ययन र समीक्षा गरिएको छ भने चयनित नेपाली कवितालाई पुस्तकालयकार्य गरी विमर्श गरिएको छ । कवितामा विचार र संवेदनशीलताको सङ्गठन जति चुस्त रूपमा प्रयोग हुन्छ त्यसले कविताको प्रभावकारिता निर्धारण गर्छ भन्ने मान्यतालाई परीक्षण गरी नेपाली कविहरूमा संवेदनाको सङ्गठन र विघटन समानान्तर रूपमा भएको निष्कर्ष निकालिएको छ । एलियटको मान्यताअनुसार परिष्कारवादी कविहरू विचारसहित संवेदनशीलतालाई सङ्गठित गर्न सक्षम देखिन्छन् भने स्वच्छन्दतावादी कविहरू अव्यवस्थित देखिन्छन् भन्ने निष्कर्षमा पुगिएको छ । प्रस्तुत लेखमा अधिभौतिकता, समीकरण, पृथकीकरण, संवेदनशीलता, वैचारिकताजस्ता सूचकहरूको आधारमा कविताको विश्लेषण गरिएको छ ।

Theoretical physics based on several computational software. The code for theoretical calculations of free energy is essential in many of the software. One of the codes frequently used in molecular dynamics is FORTRAN (Formula Transformation) code. The free energy for thermal and conformational are found to be and respectively. The average of the total free energy of the theoretical system is found to be . The free energy of a system of theoretical molecule of butane is . The ranges of theoretical and experimental values of free energy are found to be in considerable range. So, the FORTRAN code can also be used in estimating the free energy of the system of molecules.

‘गजलका संरचनात्मक तत्वहरू’ शीर्षकको यस लेखमा गजलका संरचनात्मक तत्त्वहरूका बारेमा सङ्क्षिप्तमा चर्चा गरिएको छ । गजलको रचना आफैमा साहित्यका अन्य विधाका कृतिसरह स्वतन्त्र रूपमा हुनेहुनाले यसका आफ्नै संरचनात्मक तत्त्वहरू हुन्छन् । यहाँ गजलका मान्यता र संरचनात्मक तत्त्वसम्बन्धी विद्वान्हरूका धारणालाई पनि प्रस्तुत गरिएको छ । तदनुरूप गजलको व्युत्पत्तिगत अर्थ, गजलको परिचय, गजलका संरचनात्मक ततवहरू सेर, मिसरा, मतला, मकता, काफिया, रदिफ, तखल्लुस, बहर, रुक्न आदि सबै ततवहरूको उल्लेख गरिएको छ । ती ततवहरूको कार्य, भूमिका र महŒवको पनि चर्चा गरिएको छ । विषय, भाव, विचार, भाषाशैली, बिम्ब, अलङ्कार, लय र प्रतीकको आवश्यकता र महत्त्वका बारेमा पनि प्रकाश पारिएको छ । पहिले गजलको विषय विशेषतः स्त्रीविषयक, शृङ्गारप्रधान वा प्रणयप्रधान मानिन्थ्यो । अहिले यसले मानवमनका सुखदुःख, सन्ताप र पीडाका भावलाई तथा समाजका विविध पक्षसमेतलाई कलात्मक किसिमले सरल, सहज तथा सूत्रात्मक, सङ्केतात्मक र गेयात्मक भाषाशैली प्रयोग गरेर प्रस्तुत गर्दछ । यसको स्वरूप सङ्क्षिप्त हुन्छ । गजलले नवनव ज्ञान र सिप प्रदान गर्दै मानवमनलाई आह्लादित तुल्याउँछ भन्ने कुरा यस लेखमा प्रस्तुत गरिएको छ ।