The free-trade policy that has been dominant since the late 1960s has been criticized from across the political spectrum. Policymakers are starting to turn against the idea that the government can and should do nothing about trade. This article examines U.S. trade policy from the perspective of Friedrich List’s work The National System of Political Economy and argues that it is time for the U.S. to reexamine how trade has been conducted for the last 40 years.

In the twenty-first century, the goals of mankind are evolving from raising near-term prosperity to unlimited term sustainable survival of mankind in an acceptable state. This is bound to lead to a scientific revolution—a paradigm shift. A return to the generalized ideas of Keynes must be an integral part of that shift. I propose that the Keynes’s approach to economics must be complemented by imposing (Pigovian) taxes on negative externalities. The resulting “Balanced Keynesianism” (BK) in international trade is “Compensated Free Trade” (CFT), which should be unilaterally imposed by the US government on each of its mercantilist trading partners. It easily wins in comparison with other proposed methods of cutting the trade deficit. Under CFT, a limit is imposed on export revenues of each trading partner. As we shall see, it is the only methodology that allows large-scale and fast US deficits cutting, while automatically preventing trade wars and repercussions. CFT allows having the nation-state, democracy, and globalization at the same time.

The Trump Depression in 2020 resulted from the long run trends in U.S. capitalism toward enormous inequality and resulting lack of consumer demand. Trump added incredible mistakes toward the coronavirus in order to help his political popularity. The resulting depression had the sharpest and deepest trough of any in U.S. history in such a short time.

The outbreak of Covid 19 has had caused significant social, political and economic consequences worldwide. It’s a global crisis, a great challenge and a health crisis; however, it is much more than that. In this research the main objective is to provide imperative information on how businesses were impacted by pandemic Covid 19 in Saudi Arabia. This investigation was based on primary data and the data reveals how the Covid 19 outbreak has affected the business sectors in Saudi Arabia. Numerous strategic measures and technological strategies initiated by Saudi government to lessen the impact of the pandemic are also discussed.

Corporations have been getting a bad rap lately. Many blame “corporations” for a litany of ills that, upon closer examination, should be blamed on other institutions. Our goal is to analyze a miscellany of fallacies concerning the Citizens United case, corporate personhood, the stakeholder theory, the affected interests principle, and finally ending with the deeper fallacies concerning the rights of capital that are embedded in the conventional economic theories of capital and corporate finance. In the last analysis, there is another institution that arguably is more at the root of the problems in the current economic system.

In a world of media short cuts and partisan bickering, it is widely accepted the U.S. economy is strong. Short cut indicators like the unemployment rate, in truth, tell us far too little. The American economy has underlying problems including weak productivity and investment, and unequal wage growth. The authors elaborate on this valuable piece.

Statement of Retraction The following article has been withdrawn from publication in the Taylor & Francis journal. Challenge: Dr Luiz Carlos Bresser-Pereira, “Why Did Trade Liberalization Work for East Asian but Fail in Latin America?”. DOI: 10.1080/05775132.2019.1698696. Version of Record published online: 06 December 2019. The Editors and Publishers are withdrawing the above article from publication in Challenge as this paper was previously published in Volume 62, Issue 4 of the same journal. Date of original publication: 16 July 2019; 10.1080/05775132.2019.163526.

Broad-based employee ownership of private sector enterprise, brought about primarily through the use of Employee Stock Ownership Plans or ESOP’s, is an idea with a thirty-five-year record of bringing economic inclusion to nearly 14 million citizen/employees in 7,000 companies. Especially given the rise of private equity, which needlessly robs communities of continuous, value-added employment, there is urgency to mitigate this process. The opportunity through the use of broad-based employee ownership must be seized quickly and decisively.

The author argues that President Trump’s America First Program is deeply misguided. Trade policies are not the most important determinant of movements in the trade balance over the long run. Changes in the determinants of national saving and investment are ultimately the key determinants. Trump should attempt to negotiate a multilateral, not bilateral, approach based on rules. Trump should use a multilateral, not bilateral, approach based on accepted rules.