Smoke-free regulations play a crucial role in protecting people from the harmful effects of tobacco smoke.The "Healthy China Initiative (2019)(2020)(2021)(2022)(2023)(2024)(2025)(2026)(2027)(2028)(2029)(2030))" designates tobacco control as a special action area and establishes a target that by 2030, comprehensive smoke-free environment regulations will protect 80% or more of the population.This study analyzes smokefree regulation texts to provide an evidence base for enhancing the quality of smoke-free legislation.This study examined smoke-free regulation texts issued by provincial and municipal governments in China through December 31, 2024.The analysis included specialized smoke-free regulations, patriotic health regulations, and regulations promoting civilized behavior.The screening process excluded repealed regulations, rules, normative documents, and city regulations lacking provincial-level legislation or explicit smoke-free provisions.Through comprehensive textual analysis, the study identified deficiencies in China's smoke-free legislation and developed recommendations for future improvements.Comprehensive analysis integrating provincial and municipal smoke-free regulations revealed that 46 cities are protected by comprehensive smoke-free regulations, covering over 200 million people.Regarding smoke-free environment establishment, healthcare facilities, two categories of educational facilities, and government facilities demonstrated optimal performance, all achieving 100% comprehensive smoke-free standards.However, progress in establishing smoke-free environments in other locations varies significantly.National-level regulations are expected to effectively address these disparities.We recommend formulating legislation at the national level and gradually shifting tobacco control management from a place-centered to a peoplecentered approach.

The prevalence of insufficient physical activity (PA) among Chinese adults has shown an upward trend, reaching 22.3% in 2018. Leisure time PA (LTPA) constitutes a minimal proportion of total physical activity patterns. The adherence rate to Physical activity guidelines (PAGs) was 85.7%. While occupational PA remained the predominant form of physical activity, its proportion has decreased. LTPA has emerged from its historically lowest position among activity types. Screen-based activities now constitute the primary form of sedentary behavior. Strategic interventions are needed to promote LTPA by addressing urban-rural disparities in sports facility access and increasing public venue availability. Additionally, targeted initiatives are required to reduce sedentary time, particularly among young people and urban residents, while maintaining engagement in LTPA.

Glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) is a widely used industrial polymerization material. Current occupational exposure limits (OELs) for GMA in China show significant disparities compared to those established by international regulatory bodies, including the United States, the European Union, and Japan. A comprehensive revision of GMA exposure limits is crucial for ensuring optimal worker protection. This investigation analyzed data from a 104-week inhalation carcinogenicity study of GMA in mice conducted in Japan. This study identified statistically significant pathological endpoints and employed benchmark dose (BMD) analysis to evaluate meaningful endpoints, focusing on those with the lowest benchmark dose lower bound values. The final recommendations were optimized using Bayesian model averaging (BMA) methodology to establish appropriate OELs. Our analysis recommends a time-weighted average allowable concentration of 0.01 ppm for GMA, which aligns with international standards established by the European Chemicals Agency (0.016 ppm), Japan Society for Occupational Health (0.012 ppm), and American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (0.01 ppm). The combined application of BMD and BMA methodologies represents a scientifically robust approach for deriving points of departure in risk assessment. These evidence-based OELs are essential for effective occupational hazard management and worker health protection.

A comprehensive analysis of nationwide survival trends for people living with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS, PLWHA) from the initial reported case to present has not been conducted. This study evaluated the survival outcomes of PLWHA reported in China from 1985 to 2022. We analyzed data from PLWHA recorded in the National HIV/AIDS Comprehensive Response Information Management System from 1985 to 2022. Survival rates were calculated using Kaplan-Meier curves, and factors associated with survival time were analyzed using Cox proportional hazard models. Progressive relaxation of antiretroviral therapy initiation criteria led to significant improvements in survival rates across different diagnostic periods in China. The 1-year and 5-year cumulative survival rates increased from 85.2% and 66.1% in the 1985-2003 cohort to 91.1% and 81.4% in the 2016-2022 cohort. Cox proportional hazard analysis revealed elevated mortality risks among males, individuals aged ≥65 years, those with injection drug use or other transmission routes, hospital-tested patients, and those with lower CD4 counts at diagnosis or without treatment. Antiretroviral therapy has effectively reduced mortality risk among PLWHA in China. Future efforts should focus on expanding HIV testing to reduce the proportion of late diagnoses with lower CD4 counts and providing targeted, differentiated services for older populations to further decrease mortality risk among PLWHA.

IntroductionThe genetic diversity of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 subtypes significantly influences the effectiveness of diagnostic tools, antiretroviral therapy (ART), and vaccine development. This study aimed to assess the regional and national prevalence of HIV-1 subtypes and recombinants in China between 2004 and 2023 using pol gene segment analysis.MethodsWe analyzed annual HIV/AIDS reports and pol gene segment sequences from all Chinese provinces between 2004 and 2023. The distribution of HIV-1 subtypes and recombinants across China and within its regions was estimated by multiplying the proportion of each subtype, circulating recombinant form (CRF), and unique recombinant form (URF) in each province by the corresponding number of reported HIV infections.ResultsAnalysis of 94,476 pol gene segments from 31 provinces revealed that CRF01_AE strain accounted for 32.1% of HIV-1 infections during 2004–2023, while CRF07_BC lineage represented 39.1%. CRF08_BC strain contributed 9.2%, followed by subtype B (8.7%) and CRF55_01B (2.4%). Other CRFs collectively comprised 6.0% of infections, while URFs and other subtypes accounted for 1.3% and 1.1%, respectively.ConclusionsThe study revealed significant regional variations and temporal changes in the proportions of HIV-1 CRFs, subtypes, and URFs across China, emphasizing the importance of continued surveillance of strain distribution patterns.

IntroductionThis study aimed to provide a comprehensive analysis of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemiological landscape in China through a historical review and current assessment.MethodsData were extracted from China’s HIV/AIDS Comprehensive Response Information Management System (CRIMS). Transmission patterns across different phases were visualized using stacked area charts. Geographical correlations between transmission routes were analyzed using scatter plots and Pearson correlation coefficients. The extent and trends of HIV spread among the general population were evaluated using Venn diagrams and Cochran-Armitage tests.ResultsThe HIV epidemic in China evolved through four distinct phases: injecting drug user (IDU) dominated (1989–1994), former plasma donor (FPD) outbreak (1995–2005), sexual transmission dominance (2006–2014), and general population spread (2015–present). A strong correlation was observed between provinces reporting high numbers of IDU cases and those with elevated heterosexual transmission (r=0.88, P<0.001). Between 2015 and 2023, 393,926 cases were identified among the general population through non-marital and non-commercial heterosexual contact (NMNCHC). The proportion of general population cases among heterosexual transmissions increased significantly from 46.2% to 55.7% (Z=42.7, P<0.001).ConclusionThe significant spread of HIV into the general population necessitates the development of targeted prevention strategies for both high-risk and general populations to address emerging epidemiological challenges.

What is already known about this topic?S.1,4,[5],12:i:- and S. Rissen are emerging serotypes of Salmonella that require close monitoring for antimicrobial resistance and containment of their spread.What is added by this report?The study aimed to identify antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) in S.1,4,[5],12:i:- and S. Rissen strains isolated from environmental sewage in Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, China. A phylogenetic tree was constructed using single nucleotide polymorphism data to assess genetic relatedness among strains, offering insights for Salmonella infection outbreak investigations in the future.What are the implications for public health practice?It is crucial to implement strategies, such as integrating different networks, to control the spread of drug-resistant Salmonella. Novel technologies must be utilized to disinfect sewage and eliminate ARGs. Ensuring food safety and proper sewage disinfection are essential to curb the dissemination of Salmonella.

What is already known about this topic?Previous studies have predominantly examined the micro-level aspects of women aging inflection points, while macro-level research using big data on the inflection points of aging among middle-aged and elderly women in China is currently limited.What is added by this report?This study determined the inflection ages for physiological, psychological, social, and total dimensions in middle-aged, young elderly, and elderly women [(48.0–53.2) vs. (66.3–70.0) vs. (78.4–81.2) years old].What are the implications for public health practice?This study is important for gaining a deeper understanding of aging, identifying patterns of aging, and implementing targeted interventions to promote the overall health of Chinese women.

Low fertility rates have become the most important risk affecting the balanced development of the population in China. About 80.0% of childless women had fertility intentions, 31.9% of women with one child and 11.3% of women with two children intended to have a second and third child, respectively. Women with one child who had an agricultural Hukou, were younger than 30 years old, were remarried, and had received a deduction or reimbursement for childbirth expenses during their first delivery were more willing to have a second child. Women with two children who had an agricultural Hukou and a upper-middle personal income, were self-employed, and had two daughters were more willing to have a third child. In China, women's willingness to have more children is not optimistic. To increase their desire for more children, creating a more favorable fertility environment for reproductive-age women and providing more preferential fertility policies for pregnant women will be necessary.

From 2010 to 2012, the incidence of adverse vaccine reactions from meningococcal vaccine (MenV) in China ranged from 8.46 to 56.30 per 100,000 doses. From 2013 to 2021, the overall reported rate of adverse events following immunization (AEFI) of five types of market-authorized MenV-containing vaccines in China was 37.87 per 100,000 doses administered, with a reported incidence of adverse vaccine reactions of 37.39 per 100,000 doses. The reported incidence of adverse vaccine reactions was comparable to that from 2010 to 2012 and perceived to be within an acceptable range. Most rare vaccine reactions were allergic rashes, and most of these cases were transient and non-serious. In China, the incidence of AEFI was very low, and serious abnormal reactions were extremely rare. We should continue to carry out technical training for vaccinators and on-site treatment capabilities to improve emergency treatment for anaphylactic shock and other serious events and ensure the continued safety of vaccination.